Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/517

* FARNABY. n;.-, FARNESE. there enjoyed the patronage of the aristocracy and was attended by more than three hundred pupils. Many eminent clergymen and states n received their education here, and before 1629 the school had acquired a European reputation. Upon the outbreak of the plague in 1636, it was removed to Sevenoaks, an estate which Farnaby bad bought in Sussex. The publications of Farnaby include annotated editions of many ancient authors and a 8y sterna Grammaticwn (HJ41), or Latin grammar, written at the re- quest of Charles I., and designed to replace the one previously in use in the public schools. FARNBOROTJGH, fiirn'bur-d. A town in Hampshire, England, on the Blackwater, near the Basingstoke Canal, about 33 miles southwest of London (Map: England, F 5). It is famous for ils strawberry gardens, cultivated for the London market. In the neighborhood is Farnborough Hill, long the residence of ex-Empress Eugfinie, with the mausoleum containing the tombs of Napoleon III. and the Prince Imperial. Farn- borough is one of the stations for Aldershot (amp. Population, in 1891, 8000; in 1901, 11,500. FARNE, farn, or FERN ISLES, or The Staples. A group of seventeen islets and rocks, some of which are visible only at low tide, two to five miles off the northeast coast of Northum- berland, opposite Bamborough, England ( Map : England, E 1 ) . On one of the islands is the tower (if a priory, built to the memory of Saint Cuthbert, who spent the last two years of his life here. The passage between the islands is very dangerous in rough weather, and was the scene of Grace Dar- ling's heroism in 1838, when the Forfarshire was wrecked. There are two lighthouses. FARNESE, far-na'sa. The name of an illustri- ous Italian family, first mentioned in the middle of the thirteenth century, when it possessed the castle of Farneto, near Orvieto. In 1534 Car- dinal Alessandro Farnese was raised to the Papal throne as Paul III. (q.v.), and as his great aim was the aggrandizement of his family, he erect- ed Parma and Piaeenza into a duchy, which he bestowed on his natural son, Pietro Luigi. Pie- tro was assassinated in 1547, and was succeeded by his son Ottavio (1520-86), who married Margaret of Austria, a natural daughter of Charles V., and the greater part of whose reign was both peaceful and prosperous. — Alessandro Farnese, Prince of Parma, and Spanish Gover- nor in the Netherlands, was the son of Ottavio, and was born in 1547. After being educated at the royal Court at Madrid, he entered the Span- ish service, made his first campaign under his uncle, Don Juan of Austria, and distinguished himself at the battle of Lepanto, in the year 1571. In 1577 he was sent with reinforcements to Don Juan in the Low Countries, then in a state of insurrection, and contributed to the vic- tory at Gembloux, January 31, 1578. He was next made Governor of the Spanish Netherlands by Philip II.. and carried on the war against the Prince of Orange. By skillful diplomacy more even than by his military talents. Farnese suc- ceeded in winning back the Walloon provinces and several important towns. The assassination of William the Silent in 1584 aided his cause, and in 1585 he was aide to reduce Antwerp after a memorable siege : but the project of the Armada (q.v.) interfered with his conquests in the Low Countries, and the ill success of the expedition against England, in which he had been given the command of the 1 1 <■■ i|>, destined for the invasion of that country, grieved him the nunc from the con- trast it presented to his former good fortune. In 1590 he was dispatched t<> the assistance of the Catholics in Fiance, and compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege of Paris. Being, however, ill sup- plied with provisions and money and insufficiently supported by the League, he was forced to yield in the superior power of Henry IV. and withdrew his forces. In 1591 he was ie more forced to relinquish the conquest of the Netherlands and embark on a French campaign. Alter raising the siege of Rouen, he was again compelled to with- draw. Returning, in spite of shattered health, in 1592, he died suddenly at. Arras, December 2. Alexander Farnese was one of the greatest, gen- erals of his age, and though severe in his dis- cipline, was almost worshiped by his soldiery. — Rakuccio (1509-1622), his son and successor in the Duchy of Parma, was sombre, greedy, and proud. He was succeeded by his second sun, Odoardo (1612-40), a prince remarkable for the elegance of Ins manners, his magnificence, mag nanimitv, and liberality. — Elizabeth Fabnese (1692-1766), the daughter of Odoardo II., mar- ried, in 1714, Philip V. of Spain. Of a domineer- ing and ambitious nature, she completely ruled the King. She involved Alberoni (q.v.) in her aggressive policy, the object of which was to establish her sons, Carlos and Philip, over prin- cipalities in Italy. The male line of the Farnese family became extinct in the person of Antonio, who died in 1731. The name of the Farnese family is connected with several celebrated palaces and winks of art. The principal ones are: (1) The Farnese Palace at Rome, an edifice erected by Pope Paul III., before his accession to the Holy See, after the designs of Antonio da Sangallo. It is in the form of a quadrangle, and was completed by Michelangelo. The palace is one of the finest in Rome. The antique sculpture- for which it was formerly renowned are now in the mu- seum at Naples ; a few classic works, however, are still to be seen in the great hall. (2 ) The Far nesinafor Villa Farnese), a magnificent palace :n Trastevere, Rome. It owes its celebrity chiefly to the frescoes of Raphael ; but it also contains frescoes by Peruzzi and Sebastian del Piombo, and a colossal head in chiaroscuro, attributed to Michelangelo. (3) The Farnese Bull is the name given to a colossal group attributed to Apollonius and Tauriscus of Tralles, in Asia Minor, who probably belonged to the Rhodian school and lived about D.c. 300. The group rep- resents Dirce bound to the horns of a bull by Zethus and Amphion. for ill usage of their mother, Antiope. Pliny mentions the trans- ference of the group to Rome, where it first adorned the library of Asinius Pollio, and after- wards the baths of Caracalla. It was discov- ered in the year 1540, restored by Bianchi. and placed in the Farnese Palace. (4) The Farnese Hercules, copied by dykon from an original by Lysippus. It exhibits the hero, exhausted by toil, leaning upon his club, the head inclined, the expression melancholy; one hand is held behind bis back, grasping one of the apples of the Hes- perides. For the early history of the Farnese family and their part in the Renaissance, consult : Sy-