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* FARM BUILDINGS. 4C2 FARMERS' ALLIANCE. and work out the details of construction. This may be said with equal truth of all other farm buildings; except those of very simple construc- tion. In planning the barn and out-buildings, as in case of the farm house, the purposes for which they are to be used should be carefully considered in advance to the end that they may be conveniently arranged, of ample capacity, and may be enlarged without undue resort to annexes, lean-tos, sheds, etc. With the increased produc- tion of high-bred, high-priced stock, ventilation and sanitation of stables is second in importance only to that of dwelling houses. The large choice of building material now available makes cheaper construction than in former years pos- sible, although the questions of the best material for construction and best methods of ventilation and sanitation are in large part still unsolved. Among the accessory structures forming most important additions to modern farm equipment are the silo (q.v.) and cold storage houses and cellars. Consult, in addition to works noted under Barn, King, Physics of Agriculture (Madison, 1901); Roberts, The Farmstead (New York, 1900) ; Scott, Text-book of Farm Engineering (London, 1885). FARMER, Hugh (1714-87). An English In- dependent clergyman, born in the Parish of Saint Chad, Shrewsbury (Shropshire). He was a pupil of Dr. Philip Doddridge at Northampton, and from 1739 until his resignation in 1780 was pastor of a church at Walthamstow, London. From 1761 to 1772 he was also afternoon preacher at Salters's Hall, and from 1762 to 1780 a preacher at the Tuesday morning 'merchants' lecture' in the same place. His reputation as a pulpit expositor was high. As a writer he was considerably in advance of the theology of his time, although he never clearly defined his own position. His publications are scholarly, and include chiefly An Inquiry into the Nature and Design of Christ's Temptation in the Wilderness (1761 ; 5th ed. 1822) ; and An Essay on the De- moniacs of the Neio Testament (1775; 4th ed., called the 3d, 1818). The former was designed in show that the temptation of our Lord was of the character of a divine vision, and therefore subjective; the latter, that the persons mentioned were merely afflicted by certain diseases. Con- sult Dobson, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Reverend Hugh Farmer (London, 1805). FARMER, John (1789-1838). An American genealogist, born at Chelmsford, Mass. Besides editing Belknap's History of New Hampshire, he published a Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of Neiv England (1829). which contains much information concerning early New England settlers; and, in collaboration with ■!. B. Moore, .1 (Itr.rl Irrr nf New Hampshire llSlM). FARMER, Moses Gebkish (1820-92). An American inventor and electrician. Be was born in Boscawen (now Webster), N. II., and was educated ;il Andover, N. II. His early inven- tions included a new kind of window-shade and paper curtain, and by means of machinery he was able to supply the extraordinary demand fur them thai sunn arose. B< ming interested in electrical science, he invented an electro-mag- netic engine and electrical 1 (motive. He de vised the municipal fire-alarm which was adopted by the city of Boston, and very quickly by oilier cities all over the country. (See article FlBE Alarm.) He moved to Salem in 1848, and became superintendent of the telegraph line from Boston to Burlington, Vt., inventing many improvements in telegraphy, among them a quadruple system by which four messages were sent simultaneously over the same wire. In 1852 he invented an electrical cooking-stove. In 1855 he succeeded in electrically depositing aluminum, and constructed for the Dudley Astronomical Observatory in Albany a chronograph and electrical clock. In 1850 he made an electric gyroscope so as to run continuously at uniform speed, and read a paper on multiplex telegraphy before the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1859 he lighted his parlor in Salem with an in- candescent electric lamp, deciding, however, that a galvanic battery could not be used as a source of electric lighting. From 1864 to 1868 he ex- perimented with alloys, and coated iron and steel wire with copper in order to combine great ten- sile strength with high conductivity. In 1868 he had a dynamo made with which he lighted 40 in- candescent lamps in multiple arrangement. In 1872 he was appointed electrician to the United States Torpedo Station at Newport, but re- signed on account of paralysis in 1881. On July 26, 1897, on the fiftieth anniversary of the ex- hibition at Dover, N. H, by Farmer of the first operative electric railway, the general meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers was held at Eliot, Me. Here are preserved Farmer's workshop and note-books, and here the inventor lies buried. Consult Dolbear, "Moses G. Farmer as an Electric Pioneer," in Electricity (Xew York. 1894). FARMER, Richard (1735-97). An English scholar and author, born at Leicester (Leicester- shire). He graduated in 1757 at Emmanuel Col- lege. Cambridge, in 1760 became classical tutor of the college, and in 1775 its master. In 1778 he was elected principal librarian of the univer- sity, and in 1788 was appointed by Pitt to a residentiary prebend in Saint Paul's, London. He was an'intimate friend of Dr. Johnson, whom he met upon the occasion of the latter's visit to Cambridge in 1765, and of whose Literary Club he was a member. As the head of Emmanuel Col- lege he was markedly successful, and for years he was the most influential person at Cambridge. Ib- is described as eccentric to a degree, and supreme- ly indolent. His only published work is the Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare (1767). a scholarly and most valuable demonstration of the fact that the poet's knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Spanish literatures was derived from English translations and refer- ences. This famous commentary has remained unsurpassed in its field. Parmer was elected a fellow of the Society of Anl iquaries of London in 1763. and twice declined a bishopric proffered him as a recognition of his stout Toryism. Con- sult Nichols. Literary Anecdotes of the Eigh- teenth Century, vol. ii'. (London, 1812-15). FARMER GEORGE. A popular name given to George III. of England because of his dress, manners, anil habits, lie is said to have kept a farm for the small profit rather than for pleas- ure. FARMERS* ALLIANCE. A political party in the United Sinles. which became of national importance in 1890, especially in the South and