Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/491

FALKLAND. though a man of noble nature, under great provocation commits a murder and conceals the crime by permitting the execution of an innocent person. Williams, who learns the secret of his master's guilt, is persecuted by Falkland until, accused by the latter of rubbery, be discloses the truth, and Falkland dies of shame.  FALKLAND,, second Viscount (c.1610-43). English writer and politician. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Saint John's College, Cambridge. About 1629 he inherited his maternal grandfather's fortune, and devoted himself to literature. By his father's death in 1633 he became Viscount Falkland. In 1633 he was created a gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Charles I., and took part in the expedition against the Scots in 1639. In 1640 he entered Parliament as member for Newport and the Isle of Wight. He opposed Laud during the Short Parliament, and in the Long Parliament took sides against Stratford. He became Secretary of State in 1642, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the King's party. He courted death, and was killed at the battle of Newbury. His principal work is A Discourse on the Infallibility of the Church of Rome (1660). His poems, edited by A. Groshart, were published in 1871.  FALKLAND ISLANDS. A Crown colony of Great Britain in the South Atlantic, consisting of the two large islands of East and West Falkland, a large number of small islands, mostly uninhabited, and the uninhabited island of South Georgia (Map:, E 8). The Falkland Archipelago is situated between latitudes 51° and 52° 45′ S. and longitudes 57° 20′ and 61° 46′ W., about 300 miles east of the Strait of Magellan (Map:, D 8). Its entire area is estimated at about 7500 square miles. The surface is generally low and barren, with some elevation toward the north. The coasts are indented by numerous well-protected harbors. The climate is not unhealthful, but disagreeable on account of strong winds and drizzling rains. The soil yields little more than grass, which grows in abundance. The chief occupation is sheep-farming, and the principal exports are wool, hides, and tallow. The trade is mainly with Great Britain and Uruguay. The annual value of the commerce exceeds $1,000,000, of which about two-thirds consists of exports. The colony is administered by a governor and two councils. Population, about 2000.

The Falkland Islands are supposed to have been visited by Davis in 1592. They received their name from Captain Strong, who sailed through Falkland Strait in 1690. The French established a settlement there in 1763, but were soon expelled by the British, who were in turn driven out by the Spanish. Until 1833 the islands remained under the nominal control of the Republic of Argentina. In 1833 the British again took possession of the group, and established the present colony in 1851, not without some protest on the part of Argentina. The chief town of the colony, Stanley, has a population of less than a thousand. Consult: British Empire Series (London, 1900); Murdoch, From Edinburgh to the Antarctic, 1892-93 (London, 1894).  FALKNER,, (1866—). An American political economist, born at Bridgeport, Conn. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1888, and afterwards studied at Berlin, Leipzig, and Halle. After teaching at the Wharton School of Finance and Economy the University of Pennsylvania for three years, he was appointed associate professor of statistics at that institution (1891), and retained his position until 1900, in which year he was appointed chief of the division of documents in the Library of Congress at Washington. He was secretary of the International Monetary Conference of 1892, and became editor of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science upon the establishment of that publication in 1890. Besides an English translation of August Meitzen's History, Theory, and Technique of Statistics (1893), his publications include reports and other contributions, chiefly on statistical subjects.  FALKNER, (1707-84). An English Jesuit missionary, born in Manchester. As surgeon on board the Assiento, a slave-ship belonging to the South Sea Company, he sailed to the Guinea Coast in 1731, and thence to Buenos Ayres, where he was so kindly treated by the Jesuits during a dangerous illness that he determined to enter their Order. He was ordained in May, 1732, and during the following thirty-eight years he worked as a missionary in Paraguay and the vast region between the Rio de la Plata and the Strait of Magellan, mostly among the natives. Upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from South America, he returned to England, where he was chaplain to several distinguished Catholic families. His religious work was materially aided by his medical and surgical skill. He left several works in manuscript, including four volumes, Botanical, Mineral, and Like Observations on the Products of America (date unrecorded). Under the title, A Description of Patagonia and the Adjoining Parts of South America, a collection of his papers was published in 1774.  FALKÖPING,. A small town and railway junction in Skaraborg, Sweden. Population, about 2800. It is the scene of the victory in 1389 of Margaret, Queen of Denmark and Norway, over Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden. Her victory enabled Margaret to unite Sweden with the other kingdoms. See on the Union of Kalmar, under.  FALL,. The explanation of the universal prevalence of sin among men by the supposition of the sin of the first parents of the race, resulting in a transmitted disorder of nature. The doctrine was introduced into theology by the Apostle Paul (Rom. v. 12 sqq.) from the account of the sin committed by Adam in Eden (Gen. iii.). Whatever other interpretations are given to that account, it is psychologically correct as to the elements of sin. Thus we find here (a) law (ii. 16, 17); (b) original obedience (ii. 19, 20); (c) temptation, coming from without, presenting the desirableness of a forbidden object, and diminishing the force of restraining motives (iii. 4, 5); (d) contemplation of the good presented in the temptation (iii. 6); (e) the act of choice; (f) condemnation of conscience, evident in the sense of estrangement from God (iii. 8); (g) disorder of nature (iii. 7). That is a faithful picture of every sin. The same disorder appears in all of Adam's descendants, and universal sin attends this disorder.

There have been various theories of the Fall in