Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/490

* FALK. MO FALKLAND. cording to which the supervision of all schools was declared to be the exclusive prerogative of the State. It was carried against the united efforts of the Roman Catholic and con- servative Protestant parties of the Prussian Par- liament, l'alk continued by a number of meas- ures to assert further the exclusive right of the State to legislate in all school affairs. A rescript of June 15, 1872, excluded members of ecclesias- tical orders and congregations from positions in the public schools. In May, 1873, an act was passed conferring upon the State the right of supervising Roman Catholic seminaries. It was required also that candidates for the clerical office should undergo a. certain amount of secular training at the universities, and that every ecclesiastical appointment should receive the sanction of the secular authorities. A royal tribunal for ecclesiastical matters was also set up. This legislation, which the Pope denounced as invalid, February 15, 1875. was disregarded by the Roman Catholic bishops, and Bismarck, sup- ported by Falk, imposed penalty after penalty in order to establish the supremacy of the State. Refractory bishops were imprisoned, deposed, and banished : the contributions of the Government were withdrawn from the clergy who incurred its flispleasure ; religious orders were dissolved ; and the administration of Church property was taken from the clergy and invested in bodies of laymen. Dr. Falk's policy was no more accept- able to the orthodox Protestant party than to the Roman Catholics, and the difficulties of his position led him to resign in July. 1870. The Falk laws were modified by his successors. Von Puttkamcr and Gossler, despite the opposition of Falk as member of Parliament. In 1882 he ac- cepted a high judicial appointment at Hamm, and died there July 7. 1900. His Keden gehalten in den Juhrrii t872-79 appeared at Berlin in 1880. Consult Fischer. Adalbert Falk (Hamm, 1900). See KuLTUKKAiii'i. FALKE, fal'kc, Jakob von (1825-97). A Ger- man writer on art. born at Ratzeburg. He was in charge of the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg, and from there was called to Vienna in 1858, where he afterwards became director of the Im- perial .Museum of Arts and Industry (1885). His works include: Die Kunsi im Hause (0th #d. 1897) : Die Kunstindustrie naf der Wiener Welt- ausstellung (1872); Hellas mid Hum (1880); and Aesthetik des Kunstgewerbes (1883). FALKE, Johannes Priedrich Gottlieb (1823-76). A German historian, brother of the preceding. He w:is burn ;it Ratzeburg, and stud- ied theology, philology, and history at Erlangen. In IS.",."> lie was appointed chief secretary of the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg; and in 1 ST.!) he became director of the manuscript department in thai institution. In 1862 he was appointed secre tary of the Government archives al Dresden. lie occupied the position of archivist al the lime of his death, lie was founder and eo-editoi of the Zeitschrifi fur deutsche Kalturgeschichte (1855-59), ■! periodical devoted i" the momic history of Germany. His independent works in- dude i des deutschen Hamdels (1859- Hansa als deutscht See mid Han- delsmachi ( 1862 i . FALKENSTEIN, falk'rn stln. .Tii.n-s Au- 1842—] German explorer. lie was horn in Berlin, and studied medicine and geology at the university in that city. As a member of the exploring expedition sent by the African Society of Germany to Loango (1873- 70), he made important scientific discoveries. His valuable collections included the first gorilla ever transported alive out of Africa. In 1881 he founded the General School Association of Ger- many, a society formed for the strengthening of German influence in the schools of other countries. His publications include: Die Loango-Kiiste in 72 Original-Photographien (1S70); Die Loango Expedition (1879); Afrikans Westkiiste: I'om Ogowe bis zum Damara Land (1885) ; Aerztlichei Reisebegleiter u'nd Hausfreund (10th ed. 1893). FALKIRK, fal'kerk. A Parliamentary and municipal burgh and market-town of Stirling shire, Scotland, about three miles southwest of its seaport, Grangemouth, on the Firth of Forth, and 24 miles northwest of Edinburgh (Map: Scotland, E 4). Falkirk consists principally of a long, irregular street. There is an equestrian statue to the Duke of Wellington, erected in 1854. Among its notable buildings are the town hall, county buildings, art school, free library, and cottage hospital. Its parish church has some ancient monuments, bvit was itself rebuilt in the year 1810. The church, church lands, and bar- ony belonged of old to the Abbey of Holyrood. It is the centre of the Scotch iron-founding trade, the principal works being at Carron. There are several extensive collieries in the neighborhood, as well as distilleries. Its three annual cattle fairs (trysts), once so famous, have practically been supplanted by a weekly market. Falkirk is a station on the North British Railway, and is connected with the east and west coasts by the Forth and Clyde Canal. Population, municipal burgh, in 1901, 29,271. The town is of great antiquity, having been a place of some impor- tance as early as the eleventh century. On a small eminence near Falkirk an important en- gagement was fought July 22, 1298. between the English under Edward I. and the Scottish army under William Wallace (q.v.). The Scottish forces were outnumbered nearly three to one, and were driven from the field with the loss of 20.000 men. Wallace was forced to seek concealment, and Edward's hold on the southern part of Scot- land was strengthened. Near Falkirk, January 17. 1740. Charles Edward, the young Pretender. defeated an English army under General Hawley. FALKLAND, fak'land. A royal burgh in Fifeshire. Scotland, situated at the northeastern base of the Lomond Hills, 22 miles north of Edin- burgh (Map: Scotland, E 3). Population, in 1901, of royal burgh, 809; of civil parish, 2229. It is noted for its sixteenth-cent ury royal palace, huilt upon the site of an ancient castle of the Macduff's, thanes of Fife, and now the property of the Marquis of Bute, who has had it carefully restored. It is rich in memories of the births, lives, imprisonments, and murders of Scottish princes and kings. In 1715 it was garrisoned by Rob Roy (q.v. I. Consult Wood. Historical De- scription of Falkland (Edinburgh, 1888). FALKLAND. The lii-l novel of Bulwer Lyt- ton, nai I alter its hero, and published anony mously in 1827. It is a singularly gloomy work, described by the author as "to me what, the Sar i .mi s ,.; II, i Hi, r as |o ( ioelhc." FALKLAND. The leading character in Wil- liam Godwin's novel Caleb Williams, who,