Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/482

* FAITH CUKE. 434 FAKIR. Hence, there must always be a wide difference in the results of faith-cure methods. The diseases most amenable to faith cure are nervous — includ- ing many not recognized as nervous, bin having a neural condition as their basis — and functional jements. Organic diseases are not usually cured, though the symptoms are frequently ame- liorated. Chronic diseases due to neuro-nruseular often yield to hypnotic treatment. See Hypnotism. FAITHFUL. An allegorical character in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. He accompanies Christian on his journey, bui is burned to death at Vanity Fail FAITH'FULL, Emily (1835-95). An Eng- lish philanthropist. She was bora at Headley Rectory. Surrey, and was educated at Kensing- ton. Becoming interested in the condition of working women, she founded in London a print- ing establishment, known as "The Victoria Press' (1860), in which women were employed as com- positors. The undertaking met with great oppo- sition; but the Queen showed her approval by appointing Miss Faithfull publisher-in-ordinary to Her Majesty. In 1SB3 she started the Victoria Magazine, in which were set forth the claims of women to remunerative employment. In 1868 she published a novel, entitled Change Upon Change. She also appeared as a lecturer, visit- ing the United states in 1872-73 and 18S2. She died May 31, 1895. Consult Three Visits to rica (Edinburgh. 1884). FAITHFUL SHEPHERDESS, The. A pas- toral drama by John Fletcher (about 1010). From it Milton drew for parts of his Comus. FAIT'HORNE, William (1616-91). An English engraver, born in London. During the Civil War he took the part of the monarchy, and was banished to France, where he remained until 1650. While in Paris he studied under Robert Nanteuil. He left forty-three plates, chiefly portraits of eminent persons, after Lely, Van Dyek. and others. His execution is clear and finished, and some of his plates are of great value, especially "Lord Pa-ton": "The Due' Cleveland," after Lely; and "Lady Pa-ton."' after Van Dyek. He also engraved two curious map-. o i London (in the National Library, Paris), and one of Virginia and Maryland i in the British l ln .urn i. I!i- work- were catalogued bj Louis Fagan (London. 1888 i. I'a it iii iiiio wrote The ■ .in 1 1662 i . ded to his master, Sir Robert Peake. FAIZABAD, fi'za bad', or FYZABAD. A division of Oudh, British India (q.v.). It is I by the Gogra and Gumti, and embraces a region rich in antiquities. Agriculture is in an advanced state of development; rice, wheat, her grains are extensively cull ivated, while cotton, tobacco, opium, and indigo also are pro- duced. rea. 12,045 square miles. Population, r 0; iii 1901, 6,907,000. Capital, i v.). FAIZABAD. or FYZABAD. The capital of n division of the same nan e, ' ludh, India, on the 78 miles ea I of I ucknow, with which it rmected by rail I Map: India, 1) 3 i . With i 1 suburb, Vi",iiiva. ' '"' •'"' " ■' '" " of the Hindus, which is said formerly to have ontains 36 Hindu an [mambarah, and quantit rgrown by jungle. The great fair of Ramnaumi is annually attended by half a millioil pilgrims. Its prosperity, which had de- clined after the death of Bahu Begam, in 1810, lias revived under British rule, and an impor- tant trade in wheat and rice i carried on. The city is the headquarters of a British commis- sioner. Population, including military canton- ment, in 1891, 79,000; in 1901, 74,100. FAIZABAD. The capital of the semi-inde- pendent Afghan State of Badakhshan, on the Kokcha, 180 miles northeast of Kabul (Map: Afghanistan, M 3). It is celebrated for its ruby- mines. FAJARDO, fa-Har'dft. A river port near the northeastern coast of Porto Rico, near the mouth of the Fajardo River (Map: Porto Pico. I) 2). It is situated in a sugar-manufacturing district, and exports tortoise-shell in i siderable quan tities, besides sugar and molasses. Population, about 9000. FAKHR-AD-DIN AR-RAZI, fak'r-ad-den' ar-rii'ze. also known as Ibn al Khatin (1149- 1210). A Mohammedan philosopher and theolo gian. He was bornat Rai, Tabarestan ; first studied with his father, and later at Merv and Maragha, where he was one of the pupils of Al Majd al Jili, who in turn had been a disciple of Al- Ghazali. He was accused of rationalism, de- spite the fact that he restored many to the ortho- dox faith. Nevertheless, his commentary on the Koran, entitled Mafatih-aV-haib (best ed., 6 vols.. in the year 1278 of the Hejira). is the most varied and many-sided of all extant works of the kind, comprising most of the material of im- portance that had previously appeared. Fakhr- ad-din also devoted himself to a wide range of studies, and is said to have expended a large for tune on experiments in alchemy. He taught at Rai and Ghazni, and became head of the univer- sity founded by Mohammed Ibn Tukush at Herat. FAKIR, fa-ker' (Ar. faqlr, beggar, religious mendicant, from faqura, to be poor). In general. a religious mendicant : more specifically, a Hindu marvel-worker or priestly juggler, usually peri- patetic and indigent. The fakir may be regarded as a differentiated shaman or sorcerer, stand ing midwaj between the best and the worst prod- ucts of the original class — i.e. between priest and beggar. There are. however, many (Masses, de- fined chiefly by cult, but also by race, school, or particular craft. In Mohammedan countries fa- kirs are usually divided into two classes — the orthodox, or those 'within the law,' and the het- erodox, or those 'without the law.' In portions of India, also, there is a particularly orthodox or elevated class, known a- yogis, with a much larger irregular or outlaw class: and in some seel ions the fakirs grade into dervishes, some of whom engage in religious rites or invocations involving peculiar poslurcs or movements, such as spinning on the toes with outstretched arms fur hours at a time. The Hindu fakirs are prob- ably the most expert jugglers in the world, ami many of their feats have puzzled the most acute Western student some have never been fully explained. They appear to be adepts in sleight- of-hand, iii hypnotism, in ventriloquism, in pro- ducing illusions, ami in controlling organic reac- tions by coluntarj effort, anil many of tile eur- renl devices oi jugglery in other parts of the world hav, been borrowed from them. The paral- lelism between the Hindu fakir and the ineriud