Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/475

* FAIR. 427 FAIRBANKS. The world's lairs or expositions, and the inter- national or Mate fairs, which have become fa muus wiLhm the last half-century, are chiefly educational in character, and arc adapted to the commercial life of the present, with its rapid means of communication, its populous cities, and product] jii a large scale, as the old fair, with its convenient meeting-ground for buyers and sellers, was adapted to the commercial life of a lew centuries ago. These fairs are intended to promote the interests of the city and nation 01 State in which they are held, and to furnish an excellent opportunity for the advertisement of all 1 lasses of goods. While commodities are sold at these fairs, the primary purpose of them is to advertise. FAIR, James Graham (1831-94). An Ameri- can capitalist, born near Belfast, Ireland, lie came to the United States in 1843. and went to California on the breaking out of the gold fever in 1849. After 1860 he was engaged in the min- ing of gold and silver in Nevada, and amassed groat wealth. In 1867 he entered into partner- ship with J. C. Flood, W. T. O'Brien, and J. W. Alaekay in several large mining projects. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States Sen- ate in 1881, and served one term. FAIR'BAIRN, Andrew Martin (1838—). Principal of Mansfield College, Oxford. He was born near Edinburgh, and was educated at Edin- burgh. Glasgow, and Berlin universities. He Commenced his ministry in 1861, at Bathgate; removed to Aberdeen, 1872; became principal of Airedale College, Bradford, England, 187S. lec- turing at Edinburgh. 1881-S3, on the "Compara- tive History of Religions." In 1883 he was se lceted as chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and in 1880 removed to Oxford, to become the principal of Mansfield Col- lone. He has made several lecturing visits to the United States, and published, among other books: Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and History (London, 1876) : Studies in the Life of Chnst (1S80; 5th ed. 1885) ; The City of God (1883; 2d ed. 1885) ; Religion in History and in thi Life of To-day (1884; 3d ed. 1894); The Place of Christ in Modern Theology (1893; 7th ed. 1896) ; Catholicism, Roman and Anglican (1899; 2d ed. same year); The Philosophy of lh< Christian Religion (1902). FAIRBAIRN, Patrick (1805-74). A clergy- man of the Free Church of Scotland, born at Hallyhurton. Berwickshire. He was educated at Edinburgh, and licensed to preach. 1826. When the disruption occurred (1843) he joined the Free Church. He became professor of divinity in the Free Church College in Aberdeen (1853), was transferred to the similar institution in Glasgow (1856), and made principal the same year. His reputation rests upon his Typology ni Scripture (1845 17: 6th ed. 1880); Prophecy (1856; 2d ed. 1866); Hermeneutical Manual (1858); and Pastoral Theology (1875), with sketch of his life by J. Dodds. FAIR'BAIRN, Sir William (17801874). An English engineer, born at Kelso, in Roxburghshire, February 19, 1789. He learned a little reading, writing, and arithmetic at the parish school of Mullochy, in Ross-shire, and after some six- months' instruction from an uncle, he was ap- prenticed to a machinist at Percymain Colliery, North Shields. When his apprenticeship ter- Vol. VII. — 28. minated, Fairbaini worked for two years in London, and then visited many places in Eng- land, Wall 1 and Ireland, working a short time at each, in order to observe the various practices of different localities. Eventually he commenced business on his own account in Manchester in 1817. The first great iinprowmcui introduced by Fairbairn was the substitution of iron for wood in the shafting of cotton-mills, and the substitu- tion of light for heavy shafting where metal was already in use. This exchange ei mized the co 1 of machinery, and enabled the shafting to be speeded from 10 to 160 revolutions per minute. Fairbairn was among the earliest of the iron- ship builders, and originated various improve- ments in ship const rui Tin 1 first idea oi .1 tubular bridge across the Menai Strait is due to Robert Stephenson, but its realization is largely due to I. nil. aim, and he erected more than a hundred bridges upon this principle. He was president of the British Asso ciation for the Advancement of Science, 1861- 62; and was created a baronet in I860. His son Thomas was chairman of the art treasures ex- hibition at Manchester, 1857; was a commis- sioner for the exhibitions of 1851 and 1862; was high sheriff of Hampshire. 1870, and was in 1857 offered the honor of knighthood, which he declined. Fairbaini. among other works and papers, published: On Canal strum Navigation; The Strength and Other Properties of Hoi and Cold Blast Iron: The Strength of Iron <it Different Temperatures; The Strength of Locomotive Boilers: The Effect of Repeated Meltings on the Strength of Cast Iron; The Irons of (treat Brit- ain; The Conway and Britannia Tubular Bridges; Useful Information for Engineers, 1st, 2d, and 3d series; and .1 Treatise on Mills and Mill ^Yoli•■. He died at Moor Park, Surrey, August 18, 1874. Consult: Pole. Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart. (London. 18771; and Smiles, Lives of the Engineers (London, 1874). FAIR'BANKS, Arthur (18G4— ). An Ameri- can teacher and author. He was born at Han- over. X. II. After graduating at Dartmouth College, in 1886, he studied at Union Theological Seminary and the Yale Divinity School, and re- ceived the degree of Ph.D. from Freiburg in 1890. He taught at Dartmouth, Yale, and Cor- nell, and in 1900 became professor of Greek litera- ture and archaeology in the State University of Iowa. His publications include an Introduction to Sociology (3d ed. 1901; Japanese trans.. 1900). FAIRBANKS. Charles Warren (1852-). An American lawyer and politician, born near Unionville Centre," Ohio. He graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan University (Delaware. Ohio) in 1872. was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1S74, in 1892 was chairman of the Republican State Con- vention. In 1897 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1898 was appointed a mem- ber of the British-American Joint High Commis- sion, and chairman of the American commis- sioners. FAIRBANKS, Hexrt (1830—). An Ameri- can clergyman and inventor, born at Saint Johns- bury, Caledonia County. Vt., the only son of Thad dens Fairbanks. He graduated at Dartmouth Col- lege in 1853, and studied at Andover Theological Seminary. After his ordination in 1858. he entered the service of the Vermont Missionary