Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/463

* FACETI-iE. tlo FACTOR. kind called Asteia (ed. by Eberhard, Berlin, I860) was attributed to Hierocles Iq.v.). Face- I,., were common in the late mediaeval Latin writers; but the first book devoted wholly to them seems to have been the Liber Facetiaru/m of Poggio Bracciolini (Koine, 1470). For the ji-,t in modern literature, see Jest. FACHEUX, fa 'she'. Lks (Fr., The Bores). A comedy by Moliere (loci). Its plot is concerned with the interruptions, by certain tiresome peo- ple, of tin' love-making of the hero and heroine, anil it contains a caricature of M. Lc Soyccourt, the noted chief huntsman in the court of Louis XIV. FACIAL ANGLE. See Anthropometry. FACIAL NERVES. The seventh cranial nerve in Siinimering's classification is the motor nerve of the face. It originates in the medulla oblon- gata, passes through the temporal bone, and issues from the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. It then branches over the superficial portions of the face, and innervates the muscles of expression, as well as the buccinator of the face and other muscles. It was formerly classed as a portion of the seventh nerve, the portio dura, the other portion being the portio mollis, or audi- tory nerve. According to Willis the sensory nerve of the face is the trigeminus, or trifacial nerve, known as the fifth in Sommering's list. It has three branches: (1) the ophthalmic, which passes to the eyeball, the brow, the forehead, and the nose; (2) the superior maxillary, which supplies the side of the nose, the lower eyelid, and upper lip; (3) the inferior maxillary, which supplies principally the teeth and gums of the lower jaw and the 'lower lip. For the deep origin and exact description of these nerves, consult Gray, Anatomy (London, 1901). FACIAL NEURALGIA. A paroxysmal pain in the head and face, in the parts to which the trifacial or trigeminal nerve runs. (See Facial Nerves.) There are two varieties: (1) Symptomatic facial neuralgia, with pains sharp and intense, often lasting for many days without ceasing, or disappearing and returning frequently. It is caused by anaemia, exposure, bad teeth, gout, rheumatism, diabetes, syphilis, malaria, hysteria, epilepsy, injury, or septic poison. Application of heat or of menthol may relieve, or quinine, arsenic, or aconitia (a dan- gerous drug), with treatment of the cause. (2) Tic douloureux, a very intense form, in which the pains last a few moments each time, recur- ring on moving the tongue or chewing, in a draught, etc., and dependent upon a neuritis or degenerative process in the nerve. Salicylates, injections, or electrical diffusion of cocaine or iodides may relieve. Removal of a part of the nerve nr of a ganglion connected with the nerve may be required. FACIAL PARALYSIS. Paralysis of the facial nerve on which depends the power to move the muscles of the face. One or both sides of the face may be thus affected. The paralysis may be central, due to disease of the brain: or peripheral, and due to disease of the nucleus from which the nerve springs, or of the nerve itself. The latter is the frequent type, and is called 'Bell's palsy.' In this form there is paralysis of one side of the fare, which comes on rapidly, the face being drawn to the unaffected side, while the eye of the affected side remains open, the tongue de- viates to the affected side, and saliva drip- from the angle of the mouth. The patient whistle. Food collects between the cheek and the gums on the affected side. Taste ie i > cases on i lie anterior part of t In- I on the affected ide. Electrical contraction of the .i ffected muscles i rmal, and in ti degeneration oi the nerve-tissue. Bell's palsy h caused by gout, exposure, syphilis, or middle <-ar etc. I he i real m< ai a ua I lj the administration of iron and ine, and the application of galvanism over the points' of the individual muscles thus affected. A hook of protected wire worn over the ear and holding up the angle of the mouth may be of use in some cases. The cause must also be treated Recovery is the rule. FACINGS, Military. The collars and cuffs, usually of military uniforms, the color of which denotes the branch of the service to which the wearer belongs. In the United States the facings of infantry were white, cavalry yellow, and artil- lery red. The uniform regulations of l'.n>2 sub- stituted for the facings cuffs and collars piped with the appropriate color. This was changed to light blue instead of white for the infantry. The system is more complicated in the Brit- ish Army, owing to the fact that all regiments bearing the title of 'Royal' have blue facing- inde- pendent of the fact of their nationality. Ordi- narily English regiments have while facings, Scottish yellow, and Irish green. See UNIFORMS, Military. FACINO CANE, fa-che'no kii'na. A tale by Balzac, setting forth the story of the author's struggles (1836). FACSIMILE (abbreviation of Lat. factum Hmile, made like). An exact copy, especially of handwriting, or of printed works, engravings, in- scriptions, manuscripts, and the like. FACTOR (Lat., a maker, from facere, to make). In arithmetic, any one of the integral numbers whose product is a given number is called a factor of that number: e.g. in 72 = 4-9-2 4. 9, 2 are the factors of 72. A prime factor i- a factor which is a prime number. In algebra tha factors of a rational integral algebraic explo- sion are the rational integral expressions which, multiplied together, produce it : e.g. in x" — y', the factors are ( x — y), {x + y) , ' ' " — my + if) (x 1 — xy--;f). The second pair of factors can be factored further, but not into rational t Thus the expression is said to be fully factored in the domain of rationality. The highest com- mon factor in algebra is the factor of highest degree common to the given expression-, and al- though it correspond- to the greatest cot divisor in arithmetic, it must not I' nfounded with it. If numbers be substituted for letters the value of the highest common factor is not always the greatest common divisor of the values of the given expressions; e.g. the highest mnn factor if x* — 3a: — 2 and x 1 — x—2, < .;■ — 2. Let = 31, then the values of the expressions are 870. 928, whose greatest common divisor ; s 58, but i —2 is only 20. See also DIVISION. FACTOR. An agent employed to sell the goods of another: in the United States such an agent is usually called a commission merchant. I be has his compensation in a commission or per- centage upon the goods he sells. He differs from a broker in that he has actual possession of the