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* EXNER. 368 EXONERATION. EXNER, Siegmund (1846—). An Austrian physiologist. He was born at Vienna, and after studying there and at Heidelberg established him- self as lecturer at the Vienna University, where j n i-, ecame professor of physiology. He made numerous investigations on the physiology of the nervous system, and twice received the prize awarded by tile Vienna Academy of Sciences for original researches. His publications include the following works: Leitfaden bei der mikrosko- i i a I ntersuchung tierischer Gewebe (2d ed., IsTS) : / ntersuehungen iiber die Lokalisation der Funktionen in der Grosshirnrinde des Henschen ( lssl i; Die Innervation des Kehlkopfes (18S4). In 1887 he became co-editor with Gad of the Centralblatt fiir Physiologic EXNER, Wilhelm Franz (1840—). An Aus- trian technologist. He was born at Giinserndorf, and was educated at the Polytechnic Institute of Vienna. In 1874 he was appointed inspector of industrial schools in the Ministry of Com- merce. In association with Banhans and others he founded in 1879 the Industrial Museum at Vicuna, of which institution he subsequently be- came director. He was elected to the Austrian Chamber of Deputies in 1882. 18sf>. and 1891. His works include: Das Biegen des Holzes (3d ed., 1893); Das moderne Transportwesen itn Dienste der Land- und Forstwirtschaft ('2d ed., 1880); Werkzeuge und Uaschinen :»/■ Holzbearbeitung (1878-83); and Die Eawindu&trie Oesterreichs (1890). EXODUS (Lat., from Gk. e£o5os, exodos, way out, from ^|, ex, out + 6d6s, hodos, way). The Latin name of the second book of the Pentateuch, bo called from the fact that it treats of the de- liverance of the Hebrews from Egypt. It eon- tains, however, much more than this. Taking up the narrative with the death of Joseph, where Genesis left off., it recounts the oppression of the Hebrews by their Egyptian taskmasters; the birth, youth, and call of Moses (chs. i.-vi.); the plagues and the deliverance from Egypt (vii.- xv. i : the way to Sinai and the establishment of the Covenant with Jehovah, incidental to which a series of laws is set forth ( xvi.-xxiv.) : direc- tions for the construction of the tabernacle (xxv.- xxxi.); the sin of the golden calf I xxxii. -xxxiv.); and the making of the tabernacle and its furni- ture, concluding with the setting up of the edifice (xxxv.-xl.). It will thus be seen that Exodus is a mixture of historical narrative with legislative portions. The chief sections of the latter arc: (1) Exodus x. 2.'!. known as the Book of the Covenant; (2) the Decalogue (Ex. xx. 1-17): and (3) an older Decalogue (xxxiv. 10-28). (See Decalogue.) It. is 1 1 pinion of the critical school that these legal sections date from different periods and represent independent compositions, and that in tin- historical sections we find the usual traces of the Elohistic and Yahwistic histories in the combination known as .IK. (See El ST m> Yauwist.) It is generally supposed by critics 1 hat J I the Xahwisl ic historj i included the older Decalogue (Ex. xxxiv. 10-28), and that in E 1 1 lie Elohistic history) was embodied the sec i and I lie Book of the < 'ovenant. so thai the further work of the later writers was Ir. combine these historical and legislative por tions with i he o called i'i iesl i> I lode (P), at the time thai Genesis and the three books following combined into the presenl Penta teueh. See Genesis; and, for the relationship of the Book of the Covenant to the other codes, see Hexatei CH. Consult the commentaries on Exodus, particu- larly those of Dillman, Bentsch, and Kalisch; for the route of the Israelites, consult : Trumbull, ha- desh-Barnea (New York. 1884); Palmer, The Desert of thi Exodus (Cambridge, 1871). EXOG/AMY (from Gk. e(w, exo, outside + -70/1(0, -gamia, from yd/xxis, gamos, marriage). Marriage outside of the clan, gens, or tribe, in contradistinction from endogamy, or mating with- in the group. In the earlier systematic studies of marriage, by McLennan, Spencer, and others, exogamy, or intertribal mating, was regarded as marking a relatively advanced stage of culture or social advancement. This view is partially sustained by later researches among Australian, American, and African natives. Among these and other primitive peoples, endogamy and exog- amy are found to coexist in those remarkably definite customs out of which the common law and statute of higher sociology are developed. Commonly the clan (or maternal kinship group) or the gens (or patriarchal group) is an ex- ogamous group. Marriage within the group is therefore regarded as incestuous and for- bidden. At the same time the tribe or larger confederacy is an endogamous group, so that mar- riage within it is sanctioned, either generally or between particular clans, and marriage without is prohibited. In Australia, as well as in other primitive societies, the laws, which are, of course, expressed by custom alone, are of great complex- ity, and are crystallized in elaborate ceremonies, which have been described by Spencer and Gillen, Roth, and later observers. On the whole, it may be said that while endogamy and exogamy are coexistent and correlative in every stage of human development, the endogamous group is gradually reduced, and the exogamous group enlarged, with social advancement, so that the latter is more especially characteristic of the higher stages of civilization. See Man, Science of, paragraph on Sociology. EX'OGEN (from Gk.?f«, exo, outside + -yev-qs, -genes, producing, from yiyveaBai., gigne- sthai, to become). An obsolete term, formerly applied to dicotyledons. See Dicotyledon. EX'OGYOIA ( Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. Ufa, exo, outside -+- yvpos, gyros, circle). A genus of fossil peleeypods of the oyster family (Ostreidas), found in the reeks of I'pper Jurassic and Cre- taceous age. The shells are inequilateral, with only one muscle, and they resemble somewhat the form of the young plicate shells of the modern edible oyster, though they are larger and more convex and the beaks of their valves are spiral. The left or larger valve is deeply convex, often 1 ed by its apex, and is usually strongly orna- mented by radial folds of the surface, and some- times also by imbricating plates. The right valve is flat or concave and opereulum-like, with a surface that is either smooth or marked by faint radiating lines. Exogyra eostata of Say. with a length of three to eight, inches, is mt.v abundant in certain beds of the Cretaceous sys tem of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain. See ( h si 1 k. EXONERATION (I. at. exoneratio, from so onerare, to unload, from ex, out -4- onerare, to load, fr mitts, load). In its broadest sense, the