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* EXHIBITIONS. 3G6 EXILE. to discuss the subjects that were brought before them. The exposition was opened on Maj n. and i losed November 6, 1889, and was visited by 25,121,975 persons. No expositions of importance took place in t lie years that followed until 1893, when the four hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of America was celebrated in the United States by the World's Columbian Exposition (q.v.), held in Chicago, 111. Subsequent to the World's Fair held in Chi- cago, many of the exhibits shown there were taken to San Francisco, and an exhibition known as the California Mid-Winter Exhibition was held during 1894, and this was followed in the United States by a series of commemorative ex- positions, a list of which is given elsewhere in this article. Likewise there were several minor expositions abroad, of which perhaps the most important was that held in Brussels in 1898, at which commissioners representing the United States were present. The proposition of holding a World's Fair in Paris in 1900 began to take shape as early as 1892. The location chosen was that sim- ilar to the previous expositions, and includ- ed the Champs de Mars and the Trocadero Garden, the Esplanade of the lnvalides, together with narrow strips on each bank of the Seine, connecting on the south side the Esplanade of the lnvalides with the Champs de Mars, and on the north side connecting the park of the Art Palaces with the Trocadero, making in all an area of 336 acres, also with an annex in the Bois de Vincennes devoted to exhibits of transporta- tion and sports. Across the river on the Es- planade of the Champs de Mars were the special buildings devoted to the exhibition of science and art. education, engineering, and means of transportation, mechanical industries, agriculture and food, chemistry, mechanical appliances, textile industries, mining and met- allurgy, etc.; while those along the south bank of the Seine were the buildings of the naval and military exhibits, followed by the structures erected by the various nations, until the Espla- nade des lnvalides was reached, where were the palaces of foreign industry and decorative art. For the erection of these various buildings and running expenses of the exposition a fund amounting to upward of $27,000,000 was raised, part of which was contributed by the National Government, by the municipality of Paris, and part by the issuing of bonds, each of which had a face value of twenty francs, and consisted of twenty admission tickets with numbers for vari- ous lottery drawings, and also by a sum of money advanced by the Bank of France. Exhibits were classified into IS groups, the subdivisions into 121 classes. The official catalogue gave 79.712 exhibits, of which 31,946 were from France, and 6674 from the United States. An international jury of awards examined tile exhibits, recom- mending 42.790 awards, The usual series of international congresses were! held and announce- ments for over one hundred and twenty-five were made Tiir exhibition was opened on April 14, and contil d until November II. 1900. during which time it was visited by more than 60,000,- 111111 and 'in September 6 600,528 were reported t" have passed through the gates, which t attendance for any single day. A financial statement issued ni the close of the fair showed a deficit of about $400,000, so that the exposition may be considered to have been a financial success, especially when it is remem- bered that the value of the permanent buildings was very much greater than the deficit. This summary of the history of world's fairs may properly be closed with the mention of the exposition held in Saint Louis in 1904, known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in cele- bration of the centennial anniversary of the purchase of the Territory of Louisiana from France, which it was expected would exceed all previous world's fairs in richness of exhibits, beauty of installation, and splendor of architec- tural designs. Bibliography. Silliman and Goodrich. World 0/ Science, Art, and Industry (New York 1853); Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, edited by Blake (6 vols., Washington. 1870); Reports of /If Commissioners of the United States to the International Exposition held at Vienna, 1873, edited by Thurston (4 vols., Washington, 1876) ; Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1878, edited by McCormick (5 vols.. Washington, 1880) ; Reports of the United States Commissioners to tin Cen- tennial International Exposition at Melbourne (Washington, 1889); Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Universal Exposi- tion of 1889 (5 vols., Washington. 1S91 ) ; Report of the Commissioner - General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1000, edited by Skiff, Gore, and Capehart (6 vols., Washington, 1901). Kunz, "The Man- agement and Uses of Expositions," in Xorth American Review, vol. clxxv. (New York. 1902 i ; United States World's Columbian Exhibition commission. Executive Committee of Awards, Final Report (Washington. 1895) : Great Britain Royal Commissioners' Report Paris International Exhibition 1900 (London, 1901): Kimball, "The Management and Design of Expositions," in American Institute of Architects' Quarterly Bul- letin, vol. ii. (New York, 1901); Partridge. "The Educational Value of World's Fairs," in Forum, vol. xxxiii. (New York, 1902). EXILE. See Babylonish Captivity. EXILE. Expulsion from one's native country by government authority for a period or for life: also, residence abroad in a foreign land cither under compulsion by law, or voluntarily to avoid some form of punishment exposure to which would follow continued residence in the native land. Exile in the first sense (expulsion) may be either simple exclusion upon pain of death or some lesser penalty, or may take the form of transportation to some foreign or secluded land to which the exiled prison is confined. Among (hi' Creeks exile was the legal punish ment for homicide, murder of an alien, instiga lion to murder, and malicious wounding: but it did not originally exist among the Romans, al- though Iho interdiction of lire and water prac- tically amounted to the same thing. As a polit- ical measure expulsion from the country was resorted to in Greece, and it might involve loss ■ if the rights of citizenship and tin 1 forfeiture of property, excepl in cases of ostracism (q.v.). At Kome the interdiction of fire and water (interdictio anna <i ignis) was the penally for" such serious crimes as treason, arson, and poi-