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* EXHIBITIONS. 365 EXHIBITIONS. $1,553,360 as a guarantee fund, and about $2,01)0.(100 from public subscription, making a total of $5,883,400: while the receipt-, were esti- mated to have been but $2,822,900, tlms leaving a. deficit, which, however, was offsel by the sub script ions from the Government, and the cit of Paris, so that the final report was made to show a gain. The exhibits were examined by a jury which included some GOO experts, among whom were many of the foremost, scientific men of the world. The exposition was formally opened on April 1, and closed on October 31, 1867, and was visited by 9,238,967 persons. This exposi- tion was the greatest up to its lime of all inter- national expositions, both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan. After minor expositions held in Havre in 1868, Amsterdam in 1869, Sydney in 1870, and Moscow in 1872, the next great international exposition was that held in Vienna in 1873. Preliminary announcements were issued by the Austrian Oov- ernment in 1871. and a commission, of which Arch- duke Charles Louis was protector and Baron de Schwartz Senborn chief manager, was charged with its inauguration. Accordingly a site on the Prater was chosen, covering 280 acres, where an Industrial Palace consisting of a central nave '2953 feet long. 83 feet 8 inches wide, and 73 feet 10 inches high, of six intersecting transepts each 572 feet 6 inches long, 51 feet 1 inch wide, and 41 feet high, and of a great rotunda, the largest in the world, of 354 feet diameter at the middle of the nave, was built. Other important build- ings were a Machinery Hall, an Art Building, and Agricultural Halls, and also a large number of smaller special buildings. There were 55,492 ex- hibitors, whose exhibits were classified into 26 groups, and were duly examined by an inter- national jury of awards, who distributed di- plomas of honor and medals for progress, merit, good taste, fine arts,- and for coijperators. There were (143 exhibits shown by the United States, for which 349 awards were made as well as 26 medals for good taste and cooperation, making a total of 375. The cost of the buildings and run- ning expenses was nearly $10,000,000, while the receipts were about $2,000,000, leaving a deficit of nearly $8,000,000, which was made up by Govern- ment appropriation. The total number of vis- itors was 7.254,687. At this exposition was in- augurated the custom of gathering together men interested in various specialties, whose meetings took the form of congresses. Among these were the International Patent Congress, the Interna- tional Congress for National Economy, that for Complex Instruction, Linen Industries, etc. The exposition was opened with appropriate cere- monies on May 1, and closed on October 31, 1873. The importance and value of international exr positions shown by those held abroad led to a determination on the part of the United States to celebrate the centennial of the independence of the United States by an international exposition to be held in Philadelphia in 1870, a. description of which forms the subject of a special article under the title of Centennial Exposition, In- ternational (q.v.). The French Government, desirous of showing to the world the assured success of the Republic, and incidentally to recommend the French system of industrial protection, determined to bold a universal exposition in Paris in 1878, and an invitation was issued bv President MacMa- hon inviting all nation- to participate. The site selected was t he < thamps de Mai in the exposition of L867, to which was added an elevated plateau on the oppo iti ide oi Seine, known as the Trocadfiro and connected by the historical bridge of Jena. The main building, of iron and glass, was rectangular in form, and covered 27. '.ion square yards. The ari galleries and the buildings erected for the special exhibits made i. the authorities of the city of Paris occu- pied :i court in the cent re oi I be building 'I he Palace of the Trocadcro was of stone, and re- mained as a permt at morial of the expo tion. In addition there were numerous smaller structures in which special exhibits were shown, and the various buildings of foreign governments. The cos! of the exposition was ovei $6, ,000, which sum was raised bj grants from the French Government and the city of Paris, but the re- ceipts were only about $2,000,000. The total number of exhibitors was about 52,835, which was less than in Vienna, and was explained by the fact that several governments, including Ger- many, refused to participate in the exposition. The exhibits were viewed by an international jury who distributed among the exhibitors from the United States 10 grand prizes, 7 special prizes, 143 gold medals, 224 silver medals. 277 bronze medals, and 208 honorable mentions. In- ternational congresses were held continuously throughout the exposition, and in all some thirty were convened at which representatives from for eign governments were present and discussed the subjects under consideration. The exposition was formally opened on May 1, and continued until October 31, 1878. The total number of admis- sions to the exposition was 16,159,719. Among the minor expositions that followed the Paris Exposition may be mentioned those held in Amsterdam in I8S3, Calcutta in 1SS4. Antwerp in 1885. Edinburgh in 1886, and Melbourne in 1888. It had become a custom for the French Govern- ment to hold an exposition every eleven years, and accordingly invitations were issued to for- eign governments to attend a universal exposi- tion to be held in Paris in lsso, ostensibly to celebrate the centenary of French independence. The grounds selected for the exposition were the Champs de .Mars. 12S acres: the Trmadero Garden, 42 acres: the Esplanade des [nvalides, 38 acres: and the Quai d'Orsay from the Champs de Mars to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 acres, making a total of 228 acres. The principal building was the Palace of Industries, which was a large parallelogram Banked by two wings and covering 1,138,930 square feet. It was surmounted by a central dome 195 feel high and having an exterior diameter of 120 feet. Beyond this were the twin palaces of the Fine and Lib- era] Arts, each of which covered 202.232 square feet and was surmounted by a cupola 183 feet high. Numerous other smaller structures were on the grounds, including those of various gov- ernments. The important architectural feature of the exposition, however, was the famous Eiffel tower (q.v.), 984 feet high, which remained as a memorial. The total number of exhibitors was over 01.722. whose displays were examined by a jury of awards who recommended 33,139 awards. Mori' than seventy international con- gresses convened during the exposition and dele- gates from various governments were appointed