Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/411

* EXETER COLLEGE. 363 EXHIBITIONS. the college are Archbishops Seeker and Marsh; Bishops Conybeare, Bull, Mackarness, Prideaux, and Hall; Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury ; John Kurd, the drainuUsI ; Sir J. T. Coleridge, Lord Coleridge; .1. A. Fronde, the his- torian; Burne-Joncs, William Morris, F. D. Maurice, and Lyell. EXETER or EX'ON DOMESDAY. See Domesday Book. EXETER HALL. A large proprietary build- ing, on the north side of the Strand, London, 131 feet long, 76 feet wide, and 45 feet high. It was completed in 1831, and can contain upward of 3000 persons. Let chiefly for religious as- semblies, it is in great request during the May meetings of the several religious societies. It is also let as a concert-room and has been the scene of many great musical teles. Having been often used by the dissenting bodies, by anti-slavery re- formers, and by total-abstinence societies for great public meetings, "Exeter Hall' has come to be used by the ultra-conservatives as a term to denote fanatical zeal, or the sort of moral ear- nestness which is by them regarded as 'had form.' EXHAUSTIONS ( from Lat. exhaurire, to ex- haust, from ex, out + hnurirc, to draw) . Mkthod of. A mode of proving certain mathematical propositions, variously attributed to Antiphon and Bryson, Hippocrates and Eudoxus. The for- mal statement of this method may be found in Euclid xii. 2. A familiar example is that of determining the area of a circle by means of the areas of circumscribed and inscribed polygons. The area of the circle lies between the areas of the polygons, and the latter approach indefinitely mar it as the number of sides of the polygons is indefinitely increased. Archimedes used this plan in determining that w lies between 3} and 312. However, the idea of a circle being a poly- gon of an infinite number of sides is an essen- tially modern one, due chiefly to Kepler, and marks the passage of the method of exhaustions into the modern infinitesimal method. (See Cal- culus.) Consult: Chasles, Apergu historique (3d ed., Paris, 1889) ; and Gow, History of Greek Mathematics (Cambridge, 18S4). EXHIBITIONS (Lat. ecchibitio, from exhi- bere, exhibit, from ex, out + habere, to have), Industrial. The beginning of these exhibitions may be traced to the so-called 'fairs' held in the earlier periods of civilization, both in Asia and in Europe. These are supposed to have orig- inated in religious gatherings, which first gave an opportunity for the exhibition and sale of wares to large numbers of people. From Italy they passed to France, where in 620 that of Saint Denis was instituted by Dagobert. Those of Aix- la-Chapelle and Troyes date from about 800, and they were introduced into Great Britain by Alfred the Great in 886. Toward the close of the tenth century they became common throughout northern Europe. Such fairs are still prevalent in Holland, although Germany is best known as the modern home of these institutions. The fair of Leipzig, for example, which dates from the twelfth century, is held three times a year, and attracts from 25.000 to 30.000 foreign merchants at each gathering. The great Russian fair at Nizhni Novgorod occurs in July and August, and the sales during its continuance are said to amount to many millions of dollars. The im- Vol. VII. — 24. provenients in the method- of commerce have led to the institution of the more recent industrial exhibitions. The e have for then chief object ii"l tlie iiimiec liate sale of arliele,, lull their exhibition to visitor- ae an advertisement which may ultimately increase the manufacturer's sales. The first of these modern exhibitions i^ believed to have been held in Paris in 17'JH, in the laison d'Orsay, and included only articles of local manu- facture. This exhibition, as well as another held in Paris during the same year, was so suc- cessful thai Napoleon inaugurated a third exhi- bition in Isiil;. and this in turn led i" the estab- lishment of similar triennial exhibitions. The Royal Dublin Society began it- series of triennial exhibit inns in Dublin in 1820. At first only specimens of native industry were shown, but afterwards products of foreign manufacture were shown as well. These proved popular, and sub- sequently exhibitions were held periodically in other cities of the United Kingdom, notably in Birmingham. Liverpool, and Manchester. It was but natural that such exhibitions should extend to the United States, and the A rican Insti- tute (q.v. ) of New York, founded in 1828, had among its objects the holding of annual fairs at which inventors and manufacturers might ex- hibit their productions. The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, founded in 1824. is of a similar character, and has from time to time had various expositions, chiefly devoted to the presentation of scientific developments. Also of a somewhat similar nature is the Saint Louis Exposition, which was organized in 1883. and during each year since its inception has held an exhibition of industrial products, accompanied frequently by a display of fine arts. The fairs of the Mechanics' Institutes were a natural development of such institutions, and prevailed locally for many years ; but with the establishment of museums and li- braries, which in recent years have combined under their management special exhibits organ- ized for the occasion, the importance of the larger exhibitions has waned, especially in the United States. With the passing of these local exhibi- tions, there have come in the United States ex- positions that have been sectional rather than national or local in character, and also commem- orative of some historical event. Among these may be mentioned the World's Industrial Cotton Culturist Exposition, which was held in New Orleans, La., from December 16, 1883, to June 30, 1884; the California Mid-Winter Exposi- tion, held in San Francisco, from January 1 to July 4, 1894. This was followed by the Cotton States and Industrial Exposition, which was held in Atlanta, Ga., from September 15 to De- cember 31, 1895: the Tennessee Centennial Ex- position (q.v.). held in Nashville, Tenn.. from May 1 to October 31, 1897: the Trans-Mississippi Exposition (q.v.), held in Omaha. Neb., from June 1 to November 1, 1898: the Pan-American Exposition (q.v.). held in Buffalo, N. Y., from May 1 to November 2, 1001 : and the South Caro- lina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition (q.v.), held in Charleston, S. O. from December 1, 1901, to June 1, 1902. Of less importance have been the special expositions, such as the Chicago Railway Exhibition, held in Chicago. 111., in 1882; the Cincinnati Industrial Exposi- tion, held in Cincinnati. Ohio, in 1883: the Elec- trical Exhibition, held in Philadelphia. Pa., in 1884; the Marietta Centennial Exposition, held