Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/409

* EXEGESIS. 36] EXETER. Leipzig, 1901), Reuss (1842; 6th ed. Brunswick, 1887), Salmon (1885; 7th ed. London, 1894), Weiss (1886; Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1888), Zahn (Erlangen, ls:i7). Other works: Briggs, Biblical Study (New York, 1883), and General Introduction to the Study o/ Holy Scripture (New York, 1899) ; Diestel, Geschichtt des alten Testaments in der christlichen Kirche (Jena, I860); Farrar, ' JVie History of Interpretation, Bampton Lectures for 1885 (London, 1886), containing (pp. 479-91) an exhaustive bibliog- raphy of general exegesis for the respective lec- tures; Kin'st, Bibtiotheca Judaica (Leipzig, 1863); Ginsburg, Introduction to the Uassoretio Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (London, 1897); Hody, De Bibliorum Textibus (Ox- ford, 1705) ; Hofmann, Biblische Hermeneutik (Nordlingen, 1S80) ; Immer, Hermeneutik des Seuen Testaments (English Translation, An- dover, 1890) ; Kaulen, Einleitung in die heilige Schrifi (1876, 3d ed., Freiburg, 1893); Kuenen, Historisch-Kritisch Onderzoek (1861-05: 2d ed., by Matthes, Leyden, 1893) ; Lange, Grundriss der biblischen Hermeneutik (Bonn, 1878); Rosenmiiller, Historia Interpretations Librorum Sacrorum in Ecclesia Christi (Ilildburgshausen, 1795-1814); Schaff, Theological Propaedeutic (New York, 1892) ; Simon, llistoire critique du I ii a. r testament (1078, 2d ed., Rotterdam, 1685)'; Robertson Smith, The old Testament in the Jewish Church (1881; 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1892): Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament In Greek (London, 1900) ; Wolf, Bibliotheca He- braica (Jena, 1715-33), continued by Kiicher as Nova Bibliotheca Hebraica (ib., 1783-84); Zock- ler, Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften (Nordlingen, 1890). Consult also the Church histories for the periods involved. EXELMANS, ag'zel'maNs', R£my Joseph Isi- noRE, Comte (1775-1852). A marshal of France. He was born at Bar-le-Duc, in the Department of Mcuse, and entered the army in 1791. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1799, served with distinction in the campaign in Naples under Macdonald and Championnet, and in 1801 was attached as aide-de-camp to the staff of Murat. In 1808, while with Murat in Spain, he was cap- tured and sent to England, where he remained a prisoner for three years. Escaping, he rejoined Murat, and served with Napoleon in the Russian campaign in 1812. For his brilliant conduct the Emperor created him general of division. On the fall of Napoleon he was for some time ban- ished from France, but was permitted to return after several years. In 1831 Louis Philippe re- stored him to the Chamber of Peers, and under the Presidency of Louis Napoleon he was made Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honor and Marshal of France. EXEMPTION (Lat. exemptio, from eximerr, to 1 take out, from ex, out -f- emere, to take, buy). The legal right to be excused from rendering cer- tain services to the State, or to receive or retain certain property free from the claims of others. It is secured by a variety of statutes (popularly called exemption laws). Some of these designate the persons or classes who are not liable to jury duty or to military service. Others specify the portion of a decedent's estate which is to be set apart for the use and benefit of the widow and children, and which they are allowed to retain even in preference to the creditors of the de- ceased. Still others describe the property ol a tenant which is free from di I re foi n - the property which is frei from I a at ion, oi from seizure under execution, oi which may bx tained by a bankrupt free from liabilit I i debt -. These statutes differ greatly in detail, but all have i be common object of saving the family debtor from penury. The ai i icle I gi nerallj exempted are necessary household furniture, <■ used in a trade, a team, certain domestic animal .•Hid a limited quantity ol I I upplii foi debtor's family. Iii some of our States the tend ency is to increase exemptions unduly; but in all the courts arc agreed that the policy of exemp tion is humane and wise, and that they Bhould be very liberally construed. Some of the exemption laws protect a debtor and his family against an improvident attempt on his pari to waive the benefit of the statute. For the particulai exemp- tion laws of any Slate, consult the statutes of that State, or Hubbel, Legal Directory for La yers and Business Men (New York, annually). See Homestead. EXERCISE (Lat. exercitium, exercise, from exercere, to exercise, from ex, out + arcere, to ward off). A very important clement, of medical regimen, both in the preservation of health and in the cure of disease. To preserve all the func tions of the body in normal condition, it is neees sary to secure due and regular action, or exer- cise; to allow of complete inaction of any part or function is to invite disease, and probably even structural change, or atrophy. Hence th« development of the muscular system, and even of the brain, requires the more or less regular use ot exercise in the form of productive and useful work, or by means of artificially devised methods calculated to serve a like purpose in regard to the economy. Exercise, to be beneficial, must be attended with rest, to allow the tissues which are worn away during vital action to be restored, Passive motion (movement of limbs and muscles by another), massage, and electricity may take the place, in part, of volitional activity; but regular daily exercise, preferably out of doors, is essential to the health of every one. Indoor ex- ercise may be obtained in a gymnasium, where many properly outdoor sports may he practiced, or where dumb-bells, wands, Indian clubs, chest weights, swinging rings, horizontal and parallel bars, etc., admit of putting at work various groups of muscles. Outdoor exercise includes tennis, golf, bicycling, rowing, skating, running, swimming, walking, etc. Instructors in physical culture (or rational exercise for proper physical development) are employed by all large institu- tions of learning. See Gymnastics ; Physical Training. EX'ETER. A city, civic county. Parliament- ary and municipal borough, and river port, the capital of Devonshire, England, on the Exe. 10 miles northwest of its mouth. 170 miles west- southwest of London, and T.'i miles southwest of Bristol (Map: England, C 6). It is a quaint old town, picturesquely situated on a hill amid hills. Its principal edifice is the cathedral, be- gun in linn and famed for the beauty of its design and the richness of its decorations. Its distinguishing external features are the two transeptal towers, a unique conception in Eng lisli cathedral-, dating from the early part of the