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* EWELL. 337 EWING. ston. From 1888 until li is death he was presi- dent emeritus. EWELL, Richard Stoddert (1817-72). An American soldier, prominent in the Confed- erate service during the Civil War. He was born in Washington, D. C, graduated at West Point, and was assigned as lieutenanl of dragoons in 1840, and served with distinction in the Mexi- can War, participating in the engagements at Contreras and Churubusco. He attained the rank of captain, took part in the suppression of the Apache outbreak in 1857, and, on the out- break of the Civil War, in 1861, resigned his commission and entered the service of the Con federacy. As a major-general he commanded a division at the first and second battles of Bull Run, at Antietam, and under Jackson at War- renton Turnpike, where he was severely wounded. After the death of Jackson at Chancellorsville he succeeded to his command with the rank of lieu- tenanl general, took part in the battles of Gettys- burg and the Wilderness, and was tinally cap- tured with his entire corps by Sheridan, at Sail- or's Creek, April 6, 1865. After the war he lived in retirement. EWER, O'er, Ferdinand Cabtwright (1826- 83). An American clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Born at Nantucket, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1848. in 1849 became a journalist in California, and in 1858 was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1858-60 he was rector of Grace Church, San Francisco, Cal., in 1860 was ap- pointed assistant minister of Saint Ann's Church, New York City, and in 1862 rector of Christ Church. Because of his extremely ritualistic in- novations he occasioned a disturbance in the parish, and found it best to resign. In 1871 he became rector of Saint Ignatius's Church, which was organized for him by his friends and sym- pathizers, and in which he developed very elabo- rately his ideas regarding the conduct of the ser- vice. His publications include: Sermons on the Failure of Protestantism (1S60) ; Catholicity in Its Relations to Protestantism and Romanism (1878) ; and Grammar of Theology (1880). EWING, u'ing, Finis (1773-1841). An American clergyman, a founder of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. He was born in Bed- ford County, Va., whence he removed to Ten- nessee, and later to Kentucky. In 1802 he was licensed to preach by the Cumberland presbytery, and for several years thereafter labored with much success as a revivalist. He formed, with two other clergymen, in 1810, the presbytery from which the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was developed. He was subsequently pastor at New Lebanon (Cooper County), Mo., in 1820-36, and at Lexington (Lafayette County) in the same State from 1836 until his death. His Lectures on Important Subjects in Divinity appeared in 1824. Consult Cossit. Life and Times of Finis Ewing (Nashville, 1853). EWING, Hugh Boyle (1826—). An Ameri- can lawyer, soldier, and diplomat. He was born at Lancaster, Ohio, studied at the United States Military Academy; in 1849 went to California by way of New Orleans and Texas, and upon his return in 1852 studied law. which he practiced at Saint Louis. Mo., in 1854-56, and at Leaven- worth, Kan., in 1856-58. In 1861 he entered the United States Army as brigadier-inspector of Ohio Volunteers. Be commanded a brigade at Antie- tam and Vieksburg, and at Chattanooga ti i siuii which constituted the advance guard oi Sher- n 's army, and took Mission Ridge aftei " flea perately contested Btruggle. He was appointed a brigadier-general in 1862 and brevetted majoi general in 1865. From 1866 to 1870 he was United Slates Minister to The Hague. His pub- lications include 1 Castle in tfa Vvr I L887), and The Black List (1893). EWING, James Alfbed, f.r.k. (1855—). A Scottish physicist and engineer. He wa born al Dundee, March 27, 1855, and was educated at the high school and the University of Edinburgh. l'"or several years he was assistant, to Lord Kel- vin and Professor Fleeming Jenkin. In 1878 he was appointed professor of mechanical engi- neering in the Imperial University of Tokio, and while in Japan he devoted himself assiduously to the study of earthquakes, devising seismographs to record the earth's vibrations during such dis- turbances. In 1883 he resigned tobei ea profes- sor of engineering in the University College, Dun- dee, and in 1890 he was appointed to his present position of professor of mechanism and applied mechanics in the University of Cambridge. He is the author of a treatise on Magnetic IndiU Hon » Iron and Other Metals (1891), a work which fol- lowed a series of researches in the various phenom- ena of magnetism published in the Philosophical Transactions and the Proceedings of tin /.'■ ' u' Society. Professor Ewing has invented a 'mag netic curve-tracer,' a 'hysteresis tester.' and a 'permeability bridge,' which are used by electrical engineers and steel-makers in testing the iron employed in the construction of dynamos and transformers. His work on earthquakes resulted in the publication oi Earthquake Measure mint b the University of Tokio in 1883, and other papers by the Seismological Society of Japan. He has also written The Steam Engine and Other Heat Engines (1894), and The Strength of Materials (1899). EWING, Juliana Horatia (1841-85). An English writer of stories for children. Sin- was born at Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, England, where her father, Alfred Gatty. was vicar. Her mother was Margaret Gatty, who wrote Aunt Judy's Tales (1858) and other stories, and started Aunt Judy's Magazine (1866). After the death of Mrs. Gatty (1873) the magazine was conducted for two years by Juliana and her sister. In the meantime (1867) Juliana had married Major Alexander Ewing, of the army pay department. Mrs. Ewing wrote her first story, A Bit of Green, for the Monthly Packet (July, 1861), but most of her work was con- tributed to her mother's magazine. Among her many delightful tales are The Land of Lost Toys, Jackanapes, and The Story of a Short Life. She died at Bath, May 13. 1885. Consult t Juliana Eiring and Her Books (London, 1885). EWING, Thomas (1789-1871). An Ameri- can statesman, born in Ohio County, Va. He graduated at the Ohio University at Athens in 1815. The year following he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Lancaster, where he began his practice. In 1831 he was elected as a Whig to the United States Senate. He was a strong advocate of the recharter of the United States Bank, and protested vigorously against the action of Jackson in withdrawing the Government de-