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* EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. 298 EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. France, Belgium, Scandinavia, and Germany; of lt;ily. Spain, and Portugal; of Switzerland, Ty- rol, and the Netherlands: of the British Isles, Russia, Turkey, and Greece; and each one of these peoples becomes a problem to be solved with reference to race. No people are of one race, no race is confined to a single people. The entire population of Europe is 360,000,000, and besides the three races already mentioned, which include nearly all of this number, there are a few strag- gling peoples belonging to other races, such as the Basques, Lapps, Magyars, Semites, and Gypsies. In the classification just described the races are only ideal types; but one of the latest au- thors on this subject. Deniker, publishes a scheme of the races of men more after the manner of the naturalists. Passing by the assumption that there may have been formerly a certain small number of typical races out of which all the peoples of Europe have grown, he takes the total population as he would a number of animals, and divides them up on biological characteristics as he finds them, without inquiring into their causes. The nations and peoples now existing in Europe have arisen from mixture in varying proportions of ancient varieties of our species. By abstracting from these millions of individuals certain nnes having groups of definite charac- teristics relating to stature, the form of the head, pigmentation, and other somatic data, Deniker determines the status of each race, giving rise to six principal and four secondary races, leaving nut Lapps, Ugrians, Mongolians, and others be- longing to Asia. Denikeh's Scheme of European Peoples I. Wavy iirown or black hair, dark eyes. 1. Littoral European race — tall stature ; elongated, oval face ; straight flue nose ; mesocephalic. 2. Ihero- Insular race — short stature, dolichocephalic. 3. Western European race— short stat- ure, round face, strongly braehycephalic. 4. Adriatic race — tall stature, elongated fare, braehycephalic. II. Fair, wavy, or straight hair, LIOHT EYES. 5. Northern European race— somewhat wavy hair and reddish: tall Stature ; dolichocephalic. C. Eastern European rare — somewhat straight flaxen hair; short stature; sub-brachy cephalic. Sergi pushes the study of classifying Euro- peans still further into the domain of natural history. In his work on the Mediterranean Race, he emphasizes the obligations which modern Europe owes to ancient peoples, like the Hamites of Egypl and northern Africa, the Semites of southwestern Asia,, the early Greeks, [talians, and [berians, for the foundation of their culture. Laying aside the biological divisions of Euro- pean peoples or countries, the concept of Bpeech mi be invoked to -how what languages they use. At the outset it is affirmed thai no people ■ ne language, no language is confined to ople. The following general scheme shows i he relal tonship between nationality and lan- guages in Europe: INliO liKUMANlC. 1 Celtic group. ■ telle, [rlsh, Highland Scotch, and Manx, b. Cymric. Welsh, Cow Breton, and Cornish (extinct). •j. Romance group. a. French, in L8 dialects, The Langue d'Oc and Langue d'Oil are its two Romanic forms. b. Italian, 14 principal dialects. c. Spanish. d. Provengal, 8 dialects. e. Ru manic, f. Portuguese. g. Rumansch or Churwaelsh. 3. Germanic group. Scandinavian branch. a. Swedish. b. Danish or Danske. c. Icelandic. 4. Germanic group. Germanic branch. a. High German. b. English. c. Piatt -Deutsch. d. Dutch, with Flemish dialect. e. Frisian. 5. Slavic group. Eastern branch. a. Russian, with Ruthenian or Little Russian dialect. b. Bulgarian. c. Servian, with Sloventzi or Wend dialect and Croat dialect. Tawny white skin, black hair. Dull white skin, brown hair. ReddiBb white skin. ires tern branch. 6. Slavic group. a. Polish. b. Czech or Bohemian. c. Wend, oi' Braudenburg and Silesia. 7. Lettic group. a. Letts. b. Lithuanian, with Sham at te and Prussian Lithuanian dialects. 8. Hellenic group. a. Greek. if. Illyrian group. a. Albanian. 10. Indie group. a. Gypsy or Romany, in several dialects. The dead languages of the family in Europe are: Etrus- can (doubtful). Oscan, Umbrian, Latin, and Langue d'Oc and Langue d'Oil, of the Romance group ; Gothic, Anglo- Saxon, Old Saxon, Old Dutch, old Frisian and Old Norse, in the Germanic group; Church Slavic, Old Bo- hemian and Polabish, in The Slavic group; Old Prussian in the Lettic Group; ancient Greek with its dialects. TURANIAN OB FINNO-TATAR FAMILY. 1. Finnic group. Tchudic branch. a. Finnic or Suomic, two dialects. b. Esthonian. c. Tchoud. d. Lapp. e. Vutli. f. Livouian. 2. Finnicgroup. Permian branch a. Votiak. b. Sirlan or Siryanian. c. Permiak, with Bissermian. 5. Finnic group. Volgaic branch. a. Tchuvash. b, Mnnlviu. C Clici'ciniss. 4. Finnicgroup. I'grir branch. a. Magyar or Hungarian, with Szekler dialect. b, s;i mi >: ed. 5. T.ilaric group. a. Turkish or Osmanli. CAUCASIAN FAMILY. /. Lesghlan. 9, Circassian, in 72 dialects. BASQUE FAMILY. group). SEMITIC FAMILY. 1. Hebrew. BlBLIOGBAPHY. Sources of information on the ethnology of Europe are abundant. Ripley com piled, as a supplement to liis AVer,* of Europe, ;i bibliography of two thousand titles arranged by
 * . Basque or Euakara {with Spanish group and French