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* EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. 297 EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. width <> f the skull being as low as 65-75. These earliest of European industrial peoples had also lout; faces like some existing populations of Europe. It must be carefully noted at this point that in Sweden, France, Switzerland, Ger- many, Austria, Spain, and Portugal crania of short-headed peoples are found mixed with doli- chocephalic skulls. This tells an important story, for it clearly shows that with progress race-mixture had begun tr> take place, the borrow- ing of blood being associated with the community of arts. Another fact worthy of notice is that the erection of huge stone and earth monuments, called barrows by ethnologists, indicates the con- solidation of society, implying an increasing number of persons who could be brought together in the same enterprise, and the consequent raising of an artificial food-supply so that these masses might cooperate for longer periods of time. The so-called Ages of Metal in Europe, that is, of Copper, Bronze, and Iron, comprise the re- maining epochs in the popular scheme of Euro- pean archa'ology. In America the earliest im- plements in copper were cold-hammered and ground into shape, the material being treated technically precisely as if it were stone. It is not surprising, therefore, to find the same con- dition of things in Europe. The parallelism is almost perfect in every respect. Copper tools and weapons do not mark a separate epoch, mean- ing that the stone implements ceased to be used at once, nor must it be inferred that there was a Copper Age as distinguished from a Bronze Age, for copper tools and weapons are found as- sociated with bronze relies. And here arises one of the most interesting inquiries of all, how far the exquisite products in bronze, found all over Europe, are results of indigenous development, and how far they indicate commerce or instruc- tion from without. There is no doubt that both of these factors cooperated, the result of which was the art as it existed in each region. It is a well-known law of progress that sugges- tion is one of the strongest incentives to the use of materials and processes. There existed in central and western Europe a Bronze Age. which in some characteristics of its products resembles the Orient and in others is entirely original. The art of bronze smelting and working could not arise originally and develop completely and in- dependently in any land; and secondly, such an art could not be imposed bodily upon a people who were not far enough advanced to add to it many thoughts and technical processes of their own. Progress and complexity in artificial ac- tivities are produced by the mutual influence of races and peoples. In proof of this, the Bronze Age witnessed the coming of a great variety of physical types. In England the people became more brachycephalic, the ratio of head-length to head-width being 81. In Sweden and Denmark long-headed people, tall and fair-haired, coexisted with those of much larger index. In the Valley of the Rhine, as well as in southern Germany and Switzerland, the dolichocephaly was more pronounced. Knowledge of the use of fire among the peoples of the Bronze Age was contem- poraneous also with the cremation of the dead. The earliest relics of the Iron Age are found in the hamlet of Hallstatt, in Upper Austria, in thousands of graves, revealing implements of industry, weapons, and personal ornaments, but no pottery. At first it seemed to have had no affiliation with any other national art, but later researches put the eai liesl [ron a medium between the more advanced arl of southern Europe and the West, iron gradually replaced bronze, which had then passed into its (Esthetic stage, and revealed the existence oi Ori ental influence in Europe. The long heads also became mingled with short, heads, and in the I. a Tene, also called Marnean, epoch, skull irj almost as much as at the present, day. The types of races nt ioncd extend far beyond the boundaries of Europe into Asia and Africa. The lines between the continents are entirely artificial. Ripley finds three separate biological races of men in Europe: L TEUTONIC RACE. Dolicho-leptorhlne of Kohl- mann; Relhengr&ber of German writers; Germanic of English; (Cymric * >f French; Nordic or Denlker; and H Buropssus of La] ■ 2. ALPINE RACE (or Celtic). Celto-Slavlc or French writers; Sarmatian of Von Edlder; Disentfs of German writers; Arvernian of Beddoe; Occidental of Denlker; Homo Alpinus of Lapouge;and Lappi Id of Pruner-Bey. 3. MEDITERRANEAN RACE. Iberian of English writ- ers; Ligurian of Italian writers; Ibero-Insulai a Atlanta-Mediterranean of Deniker. RACE HEAD FACE HAIR EYES STAT- URE NOSE 1 Teu- tonic Long Long Very light Blue Tall Nar-

ulline 2 Alpine (l VII if) Round Broad Light chest- nut Hazel- gray Medi- um, stocky V.inahU- broad, ■ i 3 Mediter- ranean Long Long Dark brown urblark Dark Medi urn. Blender Ra1 her broad Inquiry into the causes of difference in stature, head-form, and color, leads to the profoundest of biological studies. To say that inheritance and variation is sufficient to account for them is to explain nothing. Even stature is not always a matter id' nutrition. Much controversy has arisen over the origin of blondness in northern Europe. No doubt, albinism is more pronounced in Europe. Its marked appearance elsewhere is among the kindred peoples in northern Africa and southeastern Asia. The popular notion that exposure to the action of the sun's rays is the cause of brunetteness is altogether at fault. No single known cause produces either albinism or brunetteness. It is quite probable that long ago the subspecies to which Europeans belong were yellow or Mongoloid in color, and that by .the cooperation of environment and obscure physio- logical processes these characteristics became fixed and persistent through heredity. Having fixed these three biological types in mind, the difficulty is in finding their represen- tatives in modern Europe. Race is a matter of blood kinship, requiring isolation under favor- able conditions for bringing about new char- acteristics that become distinguishing and hered- itary. These combined marks define race, and are not to be confounded with the term 'people.' A people is a collection of human beings living together under a definite nationality and occupy- ing a specific region. It is an expansible term, applying, it may be, to a small community, as the people of a certain valley or plain, but can also include all who are under the sway of a great nationality. In Europe there are the people of