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* EUROPE. 294 EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. (Paris, 1888) : Daniel. Handbuch der Geographic (Leipzig, 1894-95; ; Philippson and Neumann, Europa: Eine aUgemeine Landeskunde (ib., 1894) ; Christensen and Lassen, Europa (Copen- hagen, 1895 et seq.) ; Ricchieri, "L'Europa nor- diea." etc., in Martinelli, La terra (Milan, 1896) ; Chisholm, "Europe," vol. i. in Stanford's Com- pendium of Geography and Travel (London, 1S99) ; Kerp, Die Landschaften Europas (Trier, 1900); Gehauer, Handbuch der Lander- und Volkerkunde, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1901). Flora.— Rouy, Sur la giogra/phie botanique de I'Europe (Paris, 188G) ; id., Illustrationes Plan- tarum EwropoB (ib., 1895-99) ; Drude, "Atlas der Ptlanzenverbreitung" in Berghaus, Physikali- scher Atlas (Gotha, 1886) ; Engler, Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der extra-tropischen Flo- rengebiete der nordlichen Hemisphere (Leipzig,. 1879) ; Caruel, Epitome Flora; Europa; (Flor- ence, 1892-94) ; Kohler, Die Pflanzeiuvelt und das Klimu Europas seit der yeschichtlichen Zeit (Ber- lin, 1892) ; Riehter, Plantw Europce (Leipzig, 1890. vol. ii. by Giirke, 1897-98); Thonner, Ex- cursionsflora von Europa (Berlin, 1901). Fauna. — Seharff, History of the European Fauna (London. 1899) ; Hamann, Europaischc Hbhlenfauna (Jena, 1896) : Dresser, The Birds of Europe (London, 1871-81, Supplement 1895-96) ; Seely, Freshwater Fishes of Europe (London, 1886) ; Schreiber, Herpetologia Europcea (Bruns- wick, 1875). Physical Features. — Berghaus, Physikalischer Atlas (Gotha, 1886) ; Kiimmel, "Die Vertheilung der Regcn in Europa." in Zeitsehrift der Gesell- schaft fur Erdkunde (Berlin, 187S) ; also the vol- umes of the Meteorologische Zeitsehrift (Berlin and Vienna, 1886 et seq.) ; Hann, Handbuch der Klvmatologie (Stuttgart, 1897); Bartholomew, Physical and Political Atlas (New York, 1901). Geology. — Geikie, Prehistoric Europe: A Geo- logical Sketch (London. 1880) ; Topley, "National Geological Surveys of Europe," Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence (ib., 1884) ; Strelbitsky, Superficie de I'Eu- rope (Saint Petersburg, 1882) ; Beyrich and Hanchccorne, Carti qiologique Internationale de I' En rope (Berlin, 1894 et seq.). For the geology of Great Britain, Fiance, Germany, and Russia, consult the reports issued by the geological sur- veys of the respective countries. Anthropology and Ethnology. — Kohl, Die Vol- her Europas (Hamburg, 1872); Virehow, Die Urbevolkerung Europas (Berlin, 1874); Behm and Wagner, Die Bevolkerung der Erde (Gotha, 1873-91) j Ratzel, Volkerkunde (Leipzig, 1895); Peschel, Volkerkunde, 7th ed. by Kirehhoff (Leip- zig. 1897); Riplev, Tin 1,'aees of Europe (New York, 1899) ; id., A Selected Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe (Boston, 1899i; Deniker, The Races of Man (London, P.HMti; Johannes Itanke, "The Pahrontologj of Neolithic Man in Europe," in Helmolt, History of the World, vol. i. English trans. (New York, History. I. Adams, Manual of Historical Litei few York, 1899); II. General His- tories. Of In H i manuals nsult; Adams, History (1899); Duruy, General His- I 1898) ; Hassall, Handbook of European •■ i : Ploetz, Epitome of Indent, Uediaval, and Modern llvi.au (1883); Robin- Bui ... ' I'jo2i i Thatch- ill, History of Europe. Andrews, Brief Institutes of General History (1887), and Lavisse, General I'ieic of the Political History of Europe (1891), discuss principles and tendencies, but give little narrative of events. Of larger works, the best is Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire generate du .) siecle a nos jours (12 vols., Pari-, 1893-1901); the last volume reaches 1900. See also Oncken, AUgemeine Geschichte; the last vol- ume treats of the time of Emperor William, and was published in 1893. Helmolt, History of the World, is in course of publication; volumes four to eight will treat of Europe. Other series are the Periods of European History, edited by Dyer and Hassall (10 vols., 1453-1900); Epochs of Modern History, published by Scribner (IS vols.) ; The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, in preparation (12 vols, in all; Vol. I., The Fenaissancc, 1902). III. The Middle Ages. Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages (New York, 1897) ; Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (London, 1877) ; Bury, The Later Roman Empire, 395-800 a.d. (2 vols., New York, .1889) ; Duruy, History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1891) ; Emerton, Introduction to tin Study of the Middle Ages (Boston, 1888) ; ib., Media rat Europe (Boston, 1894) ; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, first published 1776- 81, best edition by Bury (7 vols.. 1900-02); Munro, History of the Middle Ages (1902); Stille, Studies in. Mediaeval History (Philadel- phia, 1882); Tavlor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages (New York, 1901). IV. The Renais- sance. Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renais- sance in Italy (London, 1878) ; Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy (7 vols., new edition 1897- 98). V. Modern History. Duruy, History of Modern Times from the Fall of Constantinople to the French Revolution (New York, 1894): Dyer, History of Modern Europe, 11,53-1857, edited by Hassall (London, 1901 et seq.) ; Lodge, History of Modern Europe, 11,53-1818 (New York, 1885) ; Schwill, History of Modern Europe (1902); Schlosser, History of the Eighteenth Century (8 vols., London, 1843-52); Lacroix, The Eighteenth Century (London. 1876); Sorel, L'Europe et la Revolution franeuisc (Paris. 1892) ; Alison. History of Europe, 1789-1859 (Edinburgh, 1853) ; Cayley, The European Revo- lution of 1848 (London, 1856) ; Rose. .1 Centura of Continental History. 1780-1880 (London, 1899) ; Fvffe. History of Modern Europe from 1792 to 1878 (New Y'brk, 1890) ; Seignobos, His- toire politique de I'Europe contemporaine, 1814- 96 (Paris, 1897) ; Stern, Geschichte Europas seit den Vertragen von 1815 (Berlin, 1894-1901); Andrews, Historical Development of Modern Eu- rope, 1815-97 (New York. 1900) ; Miiller, Politi- cal History of Recent Times, 1816-75 I New York. 18821: McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, from the lecession of Queen Victoria to 1880 (4 vols., London, 1880) ; May. Democracy in Europe (New York, 1877): Freeman, The Historical Geography of Europe (London, 1.881). EUROPE, Peopi.ES of. All Europeans belong to the White or Caucasian and the Yellow or Mongoloid varieties of man. Throughout historic time Europe lias been a meeting-ground of races, differing i each other in complexion, Btature, physical Features, temperament, language, occu pation, social organization, government, opinion, and religion. In studying the ethnology of tliis portion of the Eastern Hemisphere it is impero tive to hold these several categories apart in the