Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/34

* EMBARGO. 20 EMBEZZLEMENT. tended completely to prevent American vessels from engaging m foreign commerce, and natural- ly met with much opposition in the New Eng- land States, where the commercial element of the country was almost wholly concentrated and where, besides, a large majority of the influential classes was affiliated with the Federalist Party and was thus predisposed to attack the mea- sures of the Republicans, then in power. Though there was undoubtedly much smuggling on the part of New England merchants and ship owners, and though such infractions of the law were pretty generally winked at by local Federal officials, most of whom were men of New Eng- land birth or affiliations, commerce suffered enormously and the exports of the country fell from $110,084,207 in 1S07 to $22,430,900 in 1808. The opposition, indeed, became so pro- nounced that in many quarters nullification was openly proclaimed and stanch Federalists un- hesitatingly gave their approval to doctrines closely allied to those embodied in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (q.v.) of Madison and Jefferson. By some, indeed, secession was openly threatened. As a measure for bringing Great Britain and France to terms, moreover, the embargo proved utterly futile, neither power being injured to anything like the same extent as the United States, and in -February, 1809, Congress, alarmed at new manifestations of popu- lar discontent in New England, passed a reso- lution providing for the termination of the em- bargo on March 4. Non-intercourse measures then put into force, and were the chief feature of the foreign policy of the Government until the outbreak of the War of 1812. After the beginning of hostilities ii soon became evi- deni thai the British Government would en- deavor, by refraining from blockading the New England coast, to procure fresh provisions from the New England States, and Congress again laid an embargo, December 17. 1813, to remain in force until January 1. lsir>. On April 14, 1814. however, this embargo also was repealed. it is now pretty generally believed by historians and economists that the laying of the embargo was in most respects a great political and economic mistake, anil it is certain that in spite of wide spread smuggling, American shipping sustained between 1807 and 1815 almost irre- parable damage. Consult: Adams. History of lited States frbm 1801 '■■ 1811, vol. i v. (New tfork, 1889-91); McMaster, History o/ the PeopU o) il" l tilted States, vol. iii. (New York, Randall, / ifi o/ ■ /■ •>■ < vol iii i New York. 1858); Schouler, History o/ the • oi. ii. i ew York. rev. ed . 1899), EMBASSY i from OF., Ft. ambassade, from imbaxada, Sp. ambajada, from mi., am- ata, 'Huh, i via, ambassia, embassy, from i.iit . ambaotus, servant, from Welsh amaeth, m hi, i, around - •»■ th, he wen! i . I in- mi- lion and entourage of an imba adoi accred i State. In a popular sense, nil 'Ik ii poken of a, embaa ties, i"it -in h i- not t he technical mean in - in in ii more limited acceptation, an over by an undoi ora a mission or lega- tion ii- oi othei in f.-i loi diploi : Mil,-, i stab I lo doi - ii i in- -.1 i treat Bi itain, Fra Ru la, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The term embassy comprehends, besides the ambassador, who is its head, all of the members of his suite or official family, which always includes a secretary of legation, and often a private secretary, a chap- lain, and a physician. All of these, as well as the members of the ambassador's private family, enjoy certain privileges and immunities in the State to which they are accredited. (See Ambas- sador; Diplomatic Agent. ) The term embassy is sometimes, like the corresponding term lega- tion, popularly, but inaccurately, applied to the official residence of a foreign ambassador. EMBATE'RION (Gk. cfija-r/pim; from >u- jjaivetv, embainein, to enter, from h, en, in + jiaiveiv, bainein, to go). A Greek war song, sung in marching time, to the accompaniment of the flute, while the advance was being made upon the enemy. We have scanty fragments of such songs, ascribed to Tyrtaeus, in anapaestic meas- ure. EMBATTLED, or IMBATTLED (from OF. en, in + bastiller, to build, from bastir, Fr. b&tir, to build; confused by popular etymology with embattle, to range in line of battle). In heraldry, a term applied to a partition line, traced in the form of the battlements of a castle or tower, also called art m lie A bordure embattled is often given as a difference to any member of a family who is. or has been, a soldier. EMBER-DAYS (AS. ymbren-dasg, from ymbren, embryne, circuit, from ymb, cmbe, OHG. umbi, Ger. um, around + ryne, course, from mi- nora, to run, and dceg, Goth, dags, Icel. dagr, OHG. tac, Ger. Tag, day). Fast-days observed at the four seasons of the year by the Roman Catho- lic and Anglican churches. The earliest certain reference to their use is by Saint Leo the Great (440-61); in his time, however, they were probably of local Roman, not universal, ob- servance. The quarterly recurrence was pos- sibly a trace of the Jewish usage of a special sacrifice accompanied by fasting four times a year. (See Zeeh. viii. 19.) Since Pope Gelasius 192-96) fixed the ordinations at these seasons. they have been considered times of special prayer for the sending forth of worthy laborers into the Lord's vineyard. The observance of them seems to have been introduced into England by Saint Augustine, and into Germany by Saint Boniface. Their exact dale has varied; they are now the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, after Whitsunday, after Sip tember 1 Ith. I he Exaltation of the Cross, and after December l.'lth. Saint Lucy's Day. See Fast. EMBER-GOOSE (Dan. imber, Ger. Xmber, ember - goose), or IMMER-GOOSE. A Heb- ridean name for i he loon. EMBEZZLEMENT (from embezzle, from OF. imbecile, imbecille, Fr. imb6eille, weak, imbecile, from l.ai. imbecillis, weak). The fraudulent appropriation of personal property held in some fiduciary capacity, as that of agent, clerk, or -"t . 1 1 is a stat ni i .1 - offense. The Ameri can statutes upon this subject are based chiefly upon the English statute of 8 Geo. IV. In addi- tion to the provision that the article taken liould not have been in the possession of the employer, that act required, in order to sustain a char) f embezzlement: (II That the : ii ed liould be a clerk or ser-