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* EMANCIPATION. 18 Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in of our Lord [L.S.] one thousand eight hundred sixty-three, and of the independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh. By the President : Abraham Lincoln. "William H. Seward, Secretary of state. The effect of the proclamation on the legal status of the slaves gave rise to some discus- sion, but a solution of that problem became unnecessary, inasmuch as the work of emancipa- tion in the United States was completed by the adoption of Article XIII. of the amendments to the Constitution; and the reconstruction of the States in insurrection proceeded upon that basis. Consult Whiting, War Pottx rs of the President (Boston, 1862). See Slavery; Re- construction. EMANTS. a'mants. Marcellls (1848—). A Dutch writer. He was born in Voorburg, near The Hague, and studied at Leyden. He traveled extensively, and from 1S72 to 1880 was associated as editor with several publications. His experi- iii Sweden, southern Europe, and Africa are recorded in the following works: Op h', a wide estuary, alter a course of 350 miles. Jt i- partly dry during the summer sea- son, and i- unnavigable. Fish abound. The principal tributary is the Temir. EMBALMING (from Gk. 8dtoa/un>, balsamon, balsam, balm). The art of preserving bodies after death. The art was carried to greal per fection by the ancient Egyptians, who regarded the preservation of the dead as a religious duty. N . . t only human beings, but also eat-, ibises, ichneumons, and othersacred animals were regu- larly embalmed. In 1880 the mummy of King Mer-en re. who lived about twentj five centuries before out - i and in hi- pyramid at Sak- and M- excellent state of preservation at- tests the efficacy of the methods of embalming used at that remote period. From time to time, various improvements in the art seem to have been intro- duced, and under the New Empire the processes employed were bighlj elaborate i the t iine. certain innoval ion a ppea red : i be hea 1 1 ■ I ami replai ed b i tone scarabieus, and the viscera were placed in four jars, each of which wa- under tin- protection of one of the ' ' l-ll SI.S. I Itol h in'l Diodorus describe the methods of embalming practiced in then day, by the Egyp ding io l [erodotus (c I .). i hree ■ i. {pensive of brain v a re ved tl ! of a 1 1 tly by tin- injec I IOII o! |. ' ,, iii the left Hank, ami i he abdominal i i «ing washed out « ith [.aim filled with in ■ ami other ar ! up ami I EMBALMING. days in a strong solution of natron, which seems to have been a mixture of common salt, saltpetre, and sodium sulphate. After this the body was washed, elaborately bandaged in linen strips -mealed with resins, and was finally placed in the coffin. This method of embalming was within the reach of the wealthy only. A second and cheaper method consisted in injecting into the abdominal cavity 'cedar oil' ( KeSpla, he- dria ), or turpentine, and steeping the body for 70 day- in a solution of caustic soda. The contents of the abdomen, broken down by the injection, were then allowed to escape, and the body was ready for burial. By the third method the abdomen was washed out with syrmcea, and the body was pickled in caustic soda for 70 days. Diodorus also speaks (toward the close of the first cen- tury b.c. ) of three modes of embalming practiced by the Egyptians. The first method cost, he says, a silver talent (about $1200), the second 20 minas (about $400), while the third cost but 'a trifle.' His account agrees in the main with that of Herodotus, though he gives some additional details. According to Diodorus, a scribe first drew with a reed pen a line down the left flank of the body, and. following this line, the paraschistes or 'cutter' made a deep inci- sion. The embalmers then withdrew the entrails through ibis incision and proceeded to embalm the body. From an examination in modern times of many Egyptian mummies, it is evident that the methods described by the classical writers were not the only ones employed. Some mummies have been merely dried in the sand; others have been treated with caustic soda or boiled in resins and bitumen, with or without the flank incision, having the brain removed through the eyes or base of the cranium, with the viscera returned into the body, placed upon it, or deposited in jars in shapes of the genii of the dead, the skin partially gilded, the flank incision covered with a tin plate, the fingers cased in silver, the eyes removed and replaced. The mummies are gen- erally wrapped in linen bandages and placed in costly Collins. Embalming was practiced to some extent by the early Christians in Egypt, their views in regard to the resurrection being doubt- less influenced by Egyptian ideas. The Guanches, or ancient inhabitants of the Canary Isles, used an elaborate process like that of the Egyptian-: and desiccated bodies, preserved for centuries by atmospheric or other agencies, have been found in France, Sicily. England, and America, espe- cially in Central America and Peru. MODEBN EMBALMING, The art of embalming was probably never los| in Europe. The develop ment of modern methods, however, may be said to date from the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury. It is said that arterial injection of em- balming fluid for the preservation of a dead body was lir-t practiced successfully by Dr. Fred- erick Ruysch, of Amsterdam (1665-1717), who also treated the internal organs with alcohol, > removing and cleansing them, replacing them finally. His secret of preservation of color ami form died with him. Following him in the work of embalming came Dr. William Eunter (q.v.), il elebrated anatomist, who employed 1 hi arterial inject ■< solution containing oil "i turpentine, Venice turpentine, oil of lavender, oil of rosemary, an. I vermilion, lie also removed tie' abdominal and thoracic organs, cleaned ami injected them oaked them in camphorated spirits