Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/30

* ELYSIUM. 16 not merely in the location of Elysium, but in making a "place to which access is determined by the deeds done in this life, and not by the favor of the gods. In Homer Elysium is promised to Menelaus solely because he is the husband of Helen and son-in-law of Zeus. Elysium is not to be confused with the asphodel meadow in Homer, where the shades of the dead lead a mournful, restless life in the gloomy realm of Hades. Con- sult Rohde, Psyche (2d ed., Heidelberg, 1896). ELZE, el'tsc, Kakl (1821-89). A German lit- erary historian. He was born in Dessau, and was educated at Leipzig and Berlin. After frequent travels in England and Scotland, where he was engaged in extensive literary researches, he was in 1875 appointed to the newly established chair of English literature at the University of Halle. Like Michael Bernays and other contemporaneous investigators, he sought to apply the methods of classical bibliology to the modern science, and devoted himself chiefly to the classics of English literature. One of his best works was the Eng- her LAederschatz, which passed through five i ii- .".ill ed. 18(59). Other important works include the biographical and critical study en- titled William Shakespeare (1S7G. trans, by Schmitz, 1888) ; and the biography of Lord By- ron (1870). EL'ZEVIR. A family of Dutch printers, famous for their editions of the classics and of French historical and political authors, among their best-known series being Les petites r&pub- liques. Louis, who founded the family's reputa- tion, began printing in 1583, and on his own ac- count in 1592 in Leyden with Merula's Eutropius. lit his seven sons five followed his profession, Mai i mi. i in c. 1564- 1640, Louis in c.1566-1621, (iil.us until 1051, .Toost c. 1575-1617. and Bona- mni! 1:1 in L583-1652, The last, in partnership with various nephews, was the most celebrated. A grand-nephew, Jean, continued the business in Leyden. Daniel, a bob of Bonaventure, with l."i is. tin- third of his name, established a house in Amsterdam (1654), where the latter had been printing since lt;:is. Other less noted Elzevirs wen- Ism. who managed the house at Leyden (1616-25), PBteb, grand- boh of .ions], at Utrecht (1667-72), and Abra- ham, university printer at Leyden (1681- 1712). They printed in all about 2000 books —06 in, H in Greek, 120 in French, .'!'J in Flemish, II in German, 18 in Kalian, and 22 in Oriental languages. The Elzevir books are distil less by the critical preparation of th< ii texts than by the elegance of the types and the choice grade of the paper. All Hie more im- portant Elzevirs, in particular editions of the i (hly valued by collectoi 9. ( • insult l;- ill / :: bibliographique sur I des EMANATION Hat. emanatio, a (lowing forth to How forth, from i . out In theologj and philosophy, t i doi i ' im n hich consid- ered the worl.l of finite ipirit and of matter as being an involuntary outpouring from the Divine I - " U bat thus ll". - forth I i ;inal pel fi ■ i lot ml foi the In of evil. It i aol Ice how cnuw in| o( develop men! i i, the prevail EMANCIPATION. ing tendency of evolutionism is to reverse their values, and consider developmental movement as a progress. The idea of emanation came from the East, and pervaded the Xeo-Platonie philosophy of Alexandria (see Xeoplatonisii) and Gnos- ticism (q.v.), while there are hints and possibly even the germ of it in Indian philosophy and Zoroastrianism ( q.v. ). EMANCIPATION (Lat. emaacipatio, from emancipare, to manumit, from e, out + manci- pare, to deliver over, from maims, hand + capere, to take). In Roman law, the liberation of a per- son from paternal authority [patria potestas) by the act of the paterfamilias. Paternal au- thority over a son was regularly extinguished only by death. Paternal authority over a daugh- ter ended when the daughter passed, by mar- riage, into the power (ma»us) of a husband; but this was not regarded as an emancipation. Emancipation liberated the son or daughter from all control. In the oldest Roman law no such liberation was possible. The Roman father had, however, the power of selling his child as man- eipium ; and the status of a child thus sold was technically that of a slave, but practically, by ancient custom, that of a domestic servant bound out for a term of years. A very ancient rule, ascribed to Romulus and repeated in the Twelve Tables, declared that a son sold three' times should be free from his father. Taking advan- tage of this last rule, the Roman lawyers devised a form of voluntary liberation. The son was sold three times in succession to a friend of the fam- ilv. who, after the first and second sales respec- tively, set him free by manumission, just as a slave was set free, and after the third sale, by which the paternal authority was broken, sold him back to the father. The father, who at that tage of the transaction held the son not as a son, but as a mancipium, then 'emancipated' him by manumission. As the law of the Twelve Tables mentioned the son only, and not the daughter, and as this law came to be regarded as regulating emancipation rather than as furnish- ing the legal basis for emancipation, it was held that a daughter might be emancipated after a -ingle sale. This form of liberating the son or 'laughter existed till the time of Justinian. The Emperor Anastasius established in a.d. 502 a subsidiary form of emancipation by imperial re- script; and Justinian abolished the old form entirely, substituting a declaration by the father before a magistrate. The emancipation of a son who was married and had children did not take these children out of the grandfather's power. On the other hand. ndchildren could be emancipated, although their father remained in his father's power. Emancipation took the person emancipated not only out of the household, but out. of the agnatic family; and it thus deprived him of all kindred in the legal sense, and nf all rights of inheritance. - far as inheritance from the father was con- cerned the law was changed in the last century ot the Republic by the pretors, who admitted the emancipated son to -hare in bis father's estate on condition that his own estate was 'ciliated,' ""1 ill as n part of the paternal estate. rights of inheritance from collaterals " :| s concerned, II maneipated person was at a disad i ill rustinian changed the entire of succession, and made oognatio, or kinship by blood, decisive.