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* ELY. 15 rities connected with Ely are Abbot Thurston, who, with Hereward, defended the Isle against William the Conqueror; Longchamps, Chancellor and Regent under Richard 1.; Simon Patrick, and Bishop Andrews. Population, in 1901, 7700. Consult: Stewart, Architectural History of Ely Cathedral (London, 1868); Murray, Eastern Ca- thedrals (London, 1881). E'LY, Isle of. The southern part of the Bed- ford Level (q.v.), and the part, of Cambridge- shire, England, north of the Ouse (Map: Eng- land, G 4). ELY, Richard Theodore (1854—). An American economist, born at Ripley, N. Y. He graduated at Columbia College in 1S70: received the degree of Ph.D. at Heidelberg in 1870 ; was professor of political economy at Johns Hopkins University in 1885-92, and became director of the School of Economics of the University of Wisconsin in 1802. He was secretary of the American Economic Association from its incep- tion in 1885 to 1892, and in 1899 was elected president of the Association. In 1894 an un- successful attempt was made to depose him on a charge of having taught objectionable Socialistic doctrines. He was one of the first of the profes- sional economists to break with the notion that Government interference in economic affairs is always an evil, and in his writings he frequently advocates State interference as a means of regulat- , ing tendencies in the economic organization which seem to give to a few privileges detrimental to the interests of the many. His publications include: French and German Socialism (1883); Labor Movement in America (1886); Taxation in American States and Cities (1888) ; Political Economy (1889) ; Outlines of Economics (1893) ; Socialism: An Examination of Its Nature, Its Strength, and Its Weakness, with Suggestions for Social Reform (1894); The Social Law of Service; Monopolies and Trusts (New York. 1900). ELTMAS (Lat., from Gk. 'EXty/ao). A Jew- ish sorcerer and prophet, who, according to Acts xiii. 6-12, opposed Paul before the proconsul Sergius Paulus at Paphos in Cyprus, and was smitten with temporary blindness. There are two difficulties connected with his personality, one concerning his name, the other his historical character. In verse 6 he is called Bar Jesus, in verse 8 Elymas, which is there explained as meaning 'Magian,' or sorcerer. A possible explanation is that two recensions of the story, each with its peculiar name, have been united. Some scholars think Bar Jesus was the original name, and explain Elymas by an Arabic root as 'The Wise Man.' Others prefer Elymas. and re- gard Bar Jesus as a Christian name designating him after the passing of his blindness and his consequent conversion as a 'follower of Jesus.' In the latter case Elymas should probably be understood as a contraction of Elymaios. 'the Elamite,' which might have been interpreted vaguely as 'A wise man from the East,' or 'Magian.' and originally have been a proper name. Elam. (SeeEi.AM.) The close similarity of this story to that of Simon Magus in Acts viii. has led many to see in it a defense of Paul against, the identification of this apostle with the Magian so common among Judaizing Chris- tians. There are numerous signs that the elabo- ration of the story followed such motives. Yet it ELYSIUM. seems quite possible that, as in the case of Simon, so in tliis instance, an actual historic personage has been seized upon, first by the opponents of Paul as the basis of a caricature, and then by his friends to set forth his equality with those ac- counted preeminent both in confutation of error and in miraculous deed. His temporary blind- ness, his friendship for a Roman official, his opposition to the true gospel, have apparently been borrowed from the story of Paul. The his- torical Klam Elymas may, like Simon of Gitta, have been a Gnostic thinker and a student of occult science. Consult Krenkel, Josephus und Lukas (Leipzig, 1894). ELTTOT, or ELIOT, Sir Thomas (c.1490- 1540). An English diplomat and author. He was born probably in Wiltshire, and seems to have received a university education. He was twice Ambassador to Charles V., and in 1531 made his first appearance in a literary capacity with an important publication on the ethics of government. The Boke Named the Gout mow. In his writings he presents a vivid picture of the age of Henry VIII., especially as regards higher education and culture. He wrote in all about twelve important works: his Latin-English dictionary, entitled The Dictionary of Syr T. Eliot, knyght (London, 1538 and 1545), was dedicated to Cromwell. The original copy of this work is in the British Museum. ELYRIA, e-lir'I-a. A city and county-seat of Lorain County. Ohio, on the Black River, seven miles south of Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling railroads (Map: Ohio, F 3). It has a public library of 10.000 volumes. There are manufactures of automatic screws, saddles, and supplies for bicycles and automobiles, etc. Sandstone is shipped out in considerable quanti- ties. Population, in 1890, 5611; in 1900, 7891. ELYSEE, a'le'za', Palais de l'. The official residence of the President of the French Repub- lic, on the Rue du Faubourg Saint Honore and the Champs-Elysees, Paris, built by Molet in 1718. It was originally the mansion of the Comte d'Evreux, but, under Louis XV., the resi- dence of Madame de Pompadour. It was occu- pied by Louis Napoleon while President in 1848- 52, and has served its present purpose since 1871. ELYSIAN (f-lizh'an) FIELDS (Lat. Elysii Campi). A term used in general for Elysium (q.v.), and particularly applied to a region near Baioe, Italy, supposed, from its beauty and fer- tility, to resemble the Abodes of the Blessed. ELYSIUM, e-lizh'I -um (Lat., from Gk. 'R'Av. ciov (TrtSiov), Elysion {pedion), Elysian (plain), from f/Xvats, elysis, step, from ec/Vecr&u, eleuses- thai, to be about to go). In classical mythology, the place where the souls of the good dwell after death. Two conceptions are clearly marked. The earlier is indicated in the Odyssi <. and continues till late times. Here Elysium is a place where specially favored mortals are transported by the gods, usually without separa- tion of the soul from the body, to enjoy per- petual blessedness. Elysium is thus identified with the Isles of the Blessed, or is said to be situated on these islands. The other view, li -- ancient and perhaps less common, is promi- nent in Vergil, where Elysium is that part of the Lower World in which dwell the souls or shades of the good. It differs from the first conception