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* ETRURIA. i:n ETTMULLER. for use, and that made as a votive offering and for burial. The latter class was 'extremely fra- gile and light. The Etruscan women were fa- mous for the amount and richness of their jewel- ry-wreaths and coronets, pins, earrings, necklaces, fibulas, breastplates, armlets, bracelets, and rings. The great use of jewelry, while commenc- ing as early a> the seventh century, seems not to have reached its climax until the fourth century. The Vatican has a great deal of the early jewelry. The Metropolitan Museum in New York has a fair collection of the middle and later periods. Hut by far the greatest in number and variety of the objects found are the earthenware vases. There is one class essentially Etruscan, with its centre of manufacture at Chiusi (Clusium) ; it is the black ware with raised ornamentation called bucchero nero. There is the greatest and most fantastic variety in form and figured orna- ment in this class when compared to the sober and limited shapes of painted vases of the Greek class. The Etruscans had tried imitating Egyp- tian and Phoenician ware, but with the importa- tion of Corinthian painted vases in the seventh and sixth centuries and of Attic and other vases in the succeeding period, Greek mastery became supreme. The imitation is rarely perfect enough tu deceive, but it is even closer than Phoenician imitations. One finds Etruscan echoes of all the Greek periods and schools of vase-painting down to the third century, including imitation of the schools of southern Italy. In all their work the Etruscans seem to have followed simply com- mercial instincts and love of luxury. They had no artistic feeling. Whatever realism occasionally gives interest to their sculpture is due to the same regard for beliefs concerning the future life as are found in Egypt. The Etruscans held the pre-Hellenic attitude toward art as explanatory, decorative, and useful, not serving a higher pur- pose, or for its own sake as beautiful. Therefore they missed, in their imitations, the true spirit of Greek art. It is certain that Greek artists occasionally worked for and with them. Demara- tus, the father of Tarquin, is said to have been a Greek artist from Corinth. Some of the paint- ings at Crere and Corneto must be by a Greek hand; also some of the terra-cotta temple sculp- tures. The artistic influence of Etruria upon Rome was paramount from the time of the Tarquins to the rise of Greek influence in the third century B.C. Even after that time it still lingers in the sarcophagus reliefs and statuary. In two other branches the Etruscans produced imitative works of no higher order — scarabs, gems, and coins. The imitation of Egyptian and Phoenician cut gems began at an early date, hut the material (paste, bone, etc.) was cheap and the workmanship poor. During the fifth century, however, archaic Greek gems were fairly well imitated, hut after this period little was done. Coinage also, as in all central Italy, was late in reaching the artistic stage. The Greek silver standard (Attic standard of Solon) was adopted late in the sixth century, but the workmanship on the Etruscan coins remained inferior. Bibliography. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1878), gives the best descrip- tion of the sites and ruins of Etruscan cities and cemeteries. For an historical treatment, based on literary authorities alone, consult K. O. Mid- ler, Die Etrusker (Stuttgart, 1877) : and for a discussion of the subject from an archaeological standpoint. Helbig, Delia pro i nil ■> a d< gli Etrus- rin (Borne, 1883). The inscriptions were pub- lished in Fabretti, Corpus Inscriptionum ItaU- (iirum (Turin. 1867), but a lieu corpus, I'auli, Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum (Leipzig, 1893, et seq.i, includes more recenl material. The most interesting philological studii been those' of Corssen, l)eeel v e. and Pauli. The history of art is fairly well treated in Man L'art itrusque (Pari-. 1889). Separate collec- tions of the sarcophagus reliefs are to in- found in Robert, Dii antiken fSarkophagen Reliefs, pub- lished by the Deutsches Archceologisches Institui i I in 1 1 ii. i sin i 97 i ■ and of i he mirrors in Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel i 4 vols., Berlin, 1 s 1 1 <!7 j . ETRURIA, Kingdom of. A kingdom estab- lished in Ctaly by Napoleon I. in 1801, formed out of the Province of Tuscany, ami assigned by him to the Bourbons of Parma, hi isos it. became a part of the French Empire, and in 180!) Napo- leon's sister, Elise Baceiocchi, was made (hand Duchess of Tuscany. On the overthrow of Napo- leon in 1814. Tuscany reverted to Ferdinand 111.. brother of Francis I. of Austria. ETSCH, etsh. See Adice. ETTINGSHAUSEN, gt'tlngs-hou'zen, Korr- stantix. Baron von (1820-07). An Austrian paleontologist. He was born and educated at Vienna, and in 18.54 was appointed professor of botany and of medical natural history at the Josephsakademie in Vienna, whence in 1S70 he was called in the same capacity t<i Gratzj From 1878 to 1880 he was engaged by the British Mu- seum in researches concerning its collection of fossil plants. To the study of nervation he de- voted many of his principal works. Among them are Physiotypia Plantain m Austriacarum, in collaboration with A. Pokorny (2 vols, of text, and 10 vols, of copper plate illustrations, 1856 73) ; Physiographie der Medipinalpflanzen (with 294 imprints from nature. 1802) : Beitrage zur Erforsehunq der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten (7 books, 1877-30). ETTLINGEN, et'Iing-en. A town of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Germany, on the All). about four miles south of Karlsruhe (Map: Ger- many. C 4). Its only building of note is the castle, built about 1730. on the site of an ancient Roman fortress. It has manufactures of paper, cotton, shirtings, velvet, vinegar, and parchment. Population, inTSOO, 0547: in 1900. 8040. Ettlin- gen derives its origin from a Roman settlement. In 1227 it received municipal privileges and came into possession of the margraves of Baden. On July 9 and 10 ; 1790. it was the scene of the de- feat of the French under Moreau by the Austrians under Archduke Charles. The vicinity of Ettliu- gen is rich in Roman remains. ETTMULLER, et'mul'ler, Erxst MomTZ Lunwio (1802-77). A German philologist. He was born at Gersdorf, Saxony, studied at Leip- zig from 1823 to 1820. and in 1830 l»*.'an to lec- ture at Jena on the German poets of the Middle Ages. In 1883 he was called to the gymnasium at Zurich, and in 1863 to the universitj there. as professor of German literature. He edited the literary remains of the Middle High German and (lid Low German dialects. In 1850 appeared, un- der his editorship, an Anglo-Saxon chrestomatby, Engla ami Seaxna Scopas and Bdceras, ami in the following year his Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum.