Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/282

* ETHNOGRAPHY. 2.30 ETHNOLOGY. The ethnography of peoples embraces first the biology of each group, including observations and measurements of the living and studies of the dead, concerning color of the skin, hair, and eves, the character of the hair, the form of the head, hands, feet, and other parts, and ineasure- of proportion in these parts. These re- sults are shown in collections of anatomical specimens, in the gathering of photographs and drawings, and in the amassing of literature. The physiological processes in health and disease ana physiological psychology form a part of this study.' The genus homo may be subdivided on the basis of biology, and many attempts have been made in this direction. The commonest division makes five varieties, or subspecies, or races of man — the white, or Caucasic; the yellow, or Mongolic; the brown, or Malay ie; the black, or Negroid; and the red, or American. But it is possible to separate mankind into groups upon, the basis of those artificialities in life which to- gether are called culture. Culture includes those activities which relate to food, drinks, narcotics, drugs, medicines, dress and adornment, habita- tions, furniture, mechanics, tools, primitive en- gineering, machinery, stone-working, ceramic art, metallurgy, wood-carving, textile industries, agriculture, milling arts, hunting, fishing, animal products, transportation by land and water, metrics, and commerce. These arts may all be classed under the general head of industrial, and men may be separated into groups industrially. Another class of activities is concerned with what all these various groups of mankind do to ex- press their thoughts, giving rise to the whole class of languages, including vocal and written and sign language. It would embrace also every invention designed to impress ideas. In the third place, culture includes the purely social activities. In every sense it has been found that it is not good for men to be alone, so they unite their efforts first in the family, second in political organizations or government, third for protection in producing armies and navies, fourth in law-making, fifth in courts of justice, sixth in administration, including charity and pedagogics, and seventh in that unwritten law more potent than any legislation, called customs and conduct toward one another. A fourth class of artificialities is concerned with pleasure, or the aesthetic arts, including fine costume, music, graphic arts, sculpture and carving, ceramic art, textile art. art in metal, gardening and land- scape, etiquette or the tin.' art of behavior, drama, oratory, and literature. A fifth set of artificialities i^ concerned with the progress of knowledge called sophiology, commencing with what is handed down by way of tradition, prov- erbs, or wisdom, in sayings, lore, and knowledge, the beginning of science and philosophy, or the explanation of all phenomena. The l.i-l ela>s of artificialities to be mentioned here refers to the spirit world, what is believed, or creed, and what called cult or worship. Included in this ,ii of i nil nre are the study of the pant I B ■ hood, I be -el I ing aside . public worship, j > r i ^ ship with spiritual being and religious litera- ture. Each one of the differed peoples of the ea ilbi n in an em inninient which is, in a certain sense, th occa ion of its culture, including the celestial en ment, geologic environment, meteorologic environment, miner- alogic environment, botanic environment. »ocio- logic environment, and ethnic environment. When a people has been studied in all of these respects the ethnographer hands his material over to the ethnologist, who classifies and ar- ranges it in comparison with the same sort of information from other tribes, to formulate a science, just as the zoijlogie philosopher works up the material of the naturalist. In each of the great nationalities special bureaus are charged with a study of the peoples within their respec- tive territories. The Russian Government has done noble work in this direction. The English Survey of India is another triumph of coopera- tive ethnography. The Bureau of American Eth- nology in Washington, D. C, is specially charged with accumulating ethnographic- material with reference to every aboriginal tribe in the Western Hemisphere, especially those within the United States proper and Alaska. ETHNOLOGY (from Gk. eSj/oj, ethnos, peo- ple -j- -Aoyla, -logia, account, from Ityeiv, legem, to saj')- That branch of anthropology which treats of races and peoples, the natural and arti- ficial divisions of the human species. The eth- nologist investigates the natural history, psy- chology, industries, fine arts, language, sociology, knowledge, lore, and religion of single peoples, and adopts the comparative method among peo- ples to determine their origin and the sources of their culture. Beginning with man, this branch of science aims to find out the origin of the species, and also whether there is one or many species of the genus homo. Two views are held on this question: (1) there are several inde- pendent species of this genus; (2) there is but one species — the former view is called polygen- ism. the latter monogenism. It is much more probable that the human genus has one species with two or more subspecies, and these give rise to varieties or races. The relation of enviromnent — its atmosphere, its geosphere. and its hydrosphere, under the stimulus of the sun — to the human genus in producing varieties is another ethnological prob- lem of vast moment. This opens up the entire question of classific concepts, stature, shape of head, color of skin and eyes, texture and color of the hair, intellectual qualities, and moral attri- butes. A biological question of greatest impor- tance in this connection is that of the mixing of the races, its fruitfulness and results. Ethnology, in dealing with the manifold ac- tivities of life, asks whether a given apparatus, or process, ot production, found in peoples wide apart, had its origin in each independently by reason of a common humanity, or whether an- ciently there was commercial contact or perhaps hi 1 connection. Hence springs up the inquiry about the antiquity and mutes ,,f migrations over the continents. All the trades, metric systems, mechanical devices, utensils, ami the money or the medium of exchange in one people have their counterparts with other peoples. The common industries all culminate in line art. and the rela- tion of [esthetic methods and results to race or ceramic and Btone work, textiles, music, and eti- quette, there are differences from race to race, but also startling resemblances, and these all lead i be inquirer to el I logical si udies.
 * pie suggests many puzzling questions. In