Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/278

* ETHICS. 246 ETHIOPIA. Ethics, Descriptive and 1 .1 1 New York, 19011 ; Tavlor, The Problem of Conduct I London, 1901); Hamilton. The Mom! La Fork, 1902). ETHIOPIA (6k. AWtmrla. Aithiopia). The name given by the Greeks to a country south of Egypt variously conceived as including only Nubia {Ethiopia JEgypti), or Nubia, Senna r. Kordofan, and Abyssinia, or a region extending indefinitely east and west from the Upper Nile, but applied after the fall of Aleroe more par- ticularly to Abyssinia. The vagueness of the term is largely due to the significance attached to it by the Greeks, who seem to have derived it from al9a.v, to burn, and &p, face, and ex- plained it as the country of sunburnt faces. Some scholars regard AWtowcs, as an original Greek designation of the negroes. Other- prefer to look upon it as an attempt by Greek folk- etymology to extract a suitable sense from an unintelligible native name. It has been plausibly suggested that this name may have been Atyu- byan, •incense-gatherers,' from tayib, pi. att/ub, 'aromatics.' and that this was the equivalent of Habashfit, the Egyptian Hbst, the modern Hah< sh, or Abyssinia. In common use. the name is given to the West African peoples of Nubia and Abys- sinia (Ithiopiavian). Deniker {Races of Man, London, 1900) applies it to the third of his twenty-nine human races, including Bejas and Gallas modified by Arab blood among the Somalis. Abyssinians, etc.. and by negro blood among the Zandeh and Fulbe. Keane {Ethnology, Cam- bridge, ISOCi), while relegating the Ethiopians to their proper place in the Hamitic section of the Caucasie division of man, names the generalized negro Homo JEthiopicus. At least since the mid- dle of the second millennium B.C. Eretria and the Somali coast were not unknown to the Egyptians. Through the expeditions of Queen Hatshepsut (Hatasu) (b.c. 1512-1481) down the Red Sea to Punt, the lands on both sides of Bab el Mandeb became more familiar than the territory on the Epper Nile. Yemen was looked upon as the land of the gods; while the products brought from Punt-Hbst caused many a marvelous tale to be told of that country. That the people of Punt were not negroes, but belonged to the Mediter- ranean race, is quite evident from the pictorial representations. From accounts of them, the (Jreeks may have derived their earliest notions of the men who lived in the farthest south. In the Homeric poem- (Odyssey, i- 23 sq. ; Iliad, i. 423: xxiii. 200) the Ethiopians are represented as dwelling at the utmost limits of the earth and enjoying per- sonal intercourse with the gods. This ideal pic- ture i- regarded by some scholars, not as an echo of the popular Egyptian conception of Punt or 'the divine land,' but as a nihil inn of the admiration felt in priestly circles in Egypt for the tl cratic regime introduced by the Amnion priesthood in Napata during the Twenty-second Dynasty (B.C. 060-774). in Hesiod the term seems to be used vaguely of s territory south of Egypt and Libya Herodotus (Mi. 114) describes flie Ethiopians as /mkp6{1ioi. long-lived, and re- gard- their country as extending to the Southern Sea This apparently implies thai he includes Abyssinia, Eretria, and Somaliland, LaterGreek wri!< 1 1 '1 '. term 1 mel imea a a a de ignal ion of Nubia, sometimes in a much wider sense. His- torically there are three distinct kingdoms known as Ethiopia, those of Napata, Meroe, and Aksum. There is no definite evidence that either of these included at any time all the territory between the southern border of Egypt and Bab el Mandeb. Only the Kingdom of Aksum seems to have claimed the name Ethiopia; in the case of the others it was apparently a Greek and Roman designation solely. Kingdom of Napata. For a description of that part of the Nile Valley which was ruled from Napata, see Nubia, and for the city itself, see Barkal and Napata. Already in the time of the Old Empire the Egyptians had relations with their southern neighbors. From the forests of Nubia tKnst) they obtained a large proportion of their timber, and the city of Abu (Elephan- tine) derived its name from the ivory which found its way to this place from the interior of Africa. King' Unas (c. 3290-3260 B.C.) employed warriors belonging to six Nubian tribes in his war upon the Bedouins. The early pictorial represen- tations of Nubian archers do not suggest that they were negroes. A regular conquest of the country south of Syene (see Assttan), apparently was not undertaken until the Twelfth Dynasty (c. 2522-2323). The most powerful Nubian peo- ple at this time was Kash or Kosh, the Hebrew Cush (q.v. ). The ethnic relations of this peo- ple cannot be determined with certainty. But it is probable that the stock was originally Hamitic. though in course of time it absorbed various Negritic tribes. Usertesen III. (e. 2409- 2372) established his frontier north of the second cataract, and built for its protection two forts at Semneh and Kummeh on opposite sides of the river. Whether the Hyksosjkings ever held pos- session of this territory is doubtful. At any rate, it had to be reorganized by Aalvmes ( 1575- 1553), the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and his successors. Napata probably had been the capital of the independent kingdom, since it was made the residence of the viceroy, en- titled 'Prince of Kosh,' who governed the new Egyptian province. In the time of Rameses II. (1347-1281) there may have been an unsuccess- ful rebellion. The high priest of Amnion Ra in Thebes. Herihor, in the beginning of the eleventh century, proclaimed himself 'King of Upper and Lower Egypt.' This his successors in the pon- tificate were not able to do, but seem to have recognized the Tanitie Dynasty. But a branch of the family established itself at Napata. prob- ably at the end of that dynasty lc.1000). In the Twenty-second Dynasty (OtiO-774) these kings threatened the border of Egypt. One of them, Pianchi [., who seems to have reigned in Napata since 777, availed himself of flic weakness of Egypt at the end of the reign of Easarken III. f62-756) to make an invasion of Egypt. He defeated twenty petty rulers and made a treaty with TefiKieht of Sais in B.C. 750. After his death (746), Kashta (c.746-734) and Pianchi II. (c.73 I 715 1 were :i |ip:i iviil l 111 >1 capable of main- taining any control of Egypt. But the grandson of Pianchi E. Shabaka" (715-703) united all Egypt with Ethiopia under one crown. This king eaimof be identical with So. the ally of Eosea of Krael. a- has been supposed. Siwa or si'm being in all probability a king of the North Arabian Muzri. His successor, Shabataka (To:;