Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/261

* ESZEK. 229 ETCHING. town was at first held by Count liatthyanyi, Init shortly capitulated to the Austrian general, Baron Trebersberg. Population, in 1890, 19,778, more than half being Germans; in 1900, 23,018. ESZTERHAZY, or Esterhazy, es'tgr-ha-ze. The name of an ancient noble Hungarian family. Two branches of the family, Zerhazy and [llyes- hazy, appear as early as 1238. The latter line I. era i ne extinct in 1838. The first Eszterhazy to be come celebrated was Nicholas (1582-1645), Palatine of Hungary, an ardent supporter of the Counter Reformation. Later members of the family are: P.ut, IV. (1635-1713), Prince Eszterhazy of Galanta. As Austrian field- marshal, he distinguished himself in the wars against the Turks, especially at Saint Gott- liard in 1664, Vienna in 1083, and Buda in 1686. He was made Palatine of Hungary in 1681. and had a share in the overthrow- ing of TokBlyi (q.v.), and the consolidation of the Hapsburg power in Hungary. He died a Prince of the Empire. — Nicholas Joseph (1714-00). Prince Eszterhazy of Galanta. Count of Forchtenstein, grandson of Paul IV.. was Privy Councilor, field-marshal, and several times ambassador, lie fought bravely in Silesia dur- ing (lie Seven Years' War. He was a patron of the arts and sciences and established a famous orchestra at Eisenstadt, among whose members were Pleyel and Haydn. — Nicholas IV. ( 1765- 1833), Prince Eszterhazy of Galanta, grandson of Nicholas Joseph, traveled widely in his youth; then entered the army, rose to the" rank of general, and became prominent in diplomatic affairs. Possessed of an inherited love for the arts, he spent an immense fortune on his collections of pictures and engravings, now at the Museum ot Vienna. In 1809 Nicholas refused Napoleon's offer of the crown of Hungary. Haydn found in him a most generous patron. — Paul Aif- ton- (1786-1866), Prince Eszterhazy of Galanta, son of Nicholas IV., was Austrian Ambas- sador at Dresden in 1800, at Rome in 1814, and at London from 1815 to 1842. He was Minister near the person of the King in the Hungarian Cabinet of 1848. In 1849 he retired from public life, but was present as Austrian Ambassador at the coronation of Alexander II. at Moscow in 1856. Another prominent member of the family was Moritz. Count Eszterhazy (1807-90), diplo- mat and statesman. ETA, fi'ta. See Aeta. ETAMPES, a'tasrp' (Lat. Stamper). The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 32 miles south-south- west of Paris, on the Orleans Railway (Map: France, H 3). It contains a number of churches dating from the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, the ruins of a mediawal castle, and an old town hall. It has a college and numerous manu- facturing establishments, and carries on a con- siderable trade in grain and other agricultural products. Population (commune), in 1901,9001. ETAMPES, Anne de Pisseleu, Duchess d'. See Estampes. ETANG DE P.ERRE, a't-iV de bar. A salt lagoon or £tang, on the southern coast of France, situated in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhonc. and communicating with the Mediterranean through the Gulf de Foz by a narrow channel, called the Passe des Martigues. It covers an area of about 80 square miles, and ii depth varies from 10 to 30 tret, it, has important works and is of strategic value. ETAWAH, e-ta'wa. The capital of the dis- trid of Hie same name in the Northwestern Prov- inces, British India, on the left bank of Jumna, 70 miles below Agra (Map: India. I It is picturesquely situated in a well-wooded dis- trict, and has some line streets, a handsi pub lie square, and remains of ancient grandeur, mi particularly the -lama Masjid (great mosque), and several ghats or flights of Mail's, which fa- cilitate the approach to the river tor the purpose of ritual ablution. It carries on an important domestic trade, and owes its prosperity chiefly to its position at the junction of the two roads which lead to Agra from Cawnpore and Kalpi. Population, in 1891, 38,793; in 1901, 42,570. ETCHEMIN, I'r. pron. acli'max'. See Am w 1 CITE. ETCHING (from etch, from Dutch etsen, from Ger. &tsen, to etch, from MUG. etzen, OHG ezzen, to give to eat, fr son, Ger. ess< ■>. Goth. ilnii, AS. etan, Eng. eat; connected with Ir. i/h. OChurch Slav, yami, I eat, Lat. edere, Gk. ibeaQai, edesthai, Skt. ad, to cat 1. The art and the pi-"' ess of engraving by means of acid which eats lines in the surface. Etching may be on glass, in which case the line is hard and invariable, and this process is used chiefly by artists who seek character drawing or book illustration in which but little light and shade is desired. It may be done on zinc, which is thought to give a peculiarly rich 'color' — that, is to say, a black and white effect of unusual brilliancy — and for this purpose it is preferred by some modern etch ers of landscape subjects. Etchings are known to have been made by Albert Diirer and others on iron, and in modern times on steel, but by far the greater number of plates etched for printing are of copper. In order that the acid ma} 7 attack only the parts desired, something which resists the action of the acid must be spread over the plate at the beginning. This is called the ground; it is usu- ally varnish of some kind, laid on in a coat thick enough to guarantee its uniformity, so that no small openings will allow a little of the acid to pass through and permit a dot or small blur on the surface. Many special grounds have been used, and one recommended by Hamerton is made of wax, gum mastic, and asphaltum. It is cus- tomary then to smoke the surface of this ground, but this is unessential, as its purpose is merely to aid the etcher by allowing him to see his lines as he cuts them, by the contrast of the brilliant metal against the dead black ground of the smoked varnish. The tool by which the lines are drawn may be anything with a reasonably sharp point. It has been said that an old steel fork, of which all the tines but one have been broken off, is as good a tool as any. By far the most usual form of etching-needle, however, is a steel liar weighing from one to three ounces, of which the point is made sharp: sometimes both ends are sharpened to points of different fineness. It is to be noted, however, that the needle does not cut the metal at all, but merely scratches through the surface of the varnish so as to expose the metal. The drawing once made in this manner, the plate is plunged into the acid hath, usually made with nitric acid, diluted by about its own volume