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* ESSEX. 219 ESTABLISHMENTS. hill in 1642, captured Reading in the following year, and relieved Gloucester, which was besieged l. Charles 1. On his march from Gloucester in London lie was intercepted by the Royal Army ami fought the lirst battle of Newbury. In 1644 hr invaded Cornwall, hut met with ill success, and, owing, it is said, to his unwillingness to light against the King in person, the greater part of his army was forced to capitulate a1 Lostwit- hiel. Before this he had become embroiled with the House of Commons, because of the appoint- ment of other generals to independent commands in the Parliamentary Army, and in Hi to he took advantage of the passing of the Self-denying Ordinance to resign his commission. ESSEX, THE. A United States frigate of 860 tons, in service during the War of 1812 under the Command of David Porter. Farragut was a mid- shipman on the ship on her first expedition. She captured the Alert in 1812. and after operations in the Pacific surrendered to the Phoebe and Cherub in Valparaiso Harbor, on March 28, 1814. ESSEX, Thomas Cromwell, Earl of. See Cromwell, Thomas. ESSEX JUNTO. A term used for the first time by a Colonial Governor of Massachusetts to designate a body of men from Essex County, who had arrayed themselves against his policy. It was next employed by Governor Hancock in 1781, against the chief supporters of James Bowdoin, nominated for Governor as the representative of the traditional, as opposed to the popular, politics of the day. The term entered national politics about 1798, as applied opprobriously to the Fed- eralist leaders in Massachusetts, who opposed Adams and his policy toward France. Among these were Timothy Pickering, Theophilus Par- sons, Fisher Ames, George Cabot, Stephen Hig ginson, and the Lowells, mostly Essex County men. Later these same men were prominent in opposition to the Embargo and to the War of 1812, were party chiefs of the extreme Federal- ists, and were prime movers of the measures which culminated in the Hartford Convention (q.v. ) ; so that the name became a synonym for New England Federalism. Consult Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot (Boston, 1878). ESSIPOFF, es'se-pftf. Annette (1851—). A Bussian pianist, born in Saint Petersburg. She was one of Leschetitzky's most brilliant pupils. She made her debut in Saint Petersburg in 1874 : then entered upon artistic travels which brought her in 1876 to the United States, where her play- ing was greatly admired. In 1880 she married Leschetitzky. but they were divorced. In 1893 she became professor of pianoforte at the Saint Pe- tersburg Conservatory. ESS'LING, or ESS'LINGEN. A village in Lower Austria, seven miles east of Vienna I Map : Austria, E 2). Between it and the village of Aspern a bloody battle was fought between the French and the Austrians on May 21-22, 1809. This engagement is generally known as the battle of Aspern and Essling. See Aspern. ESSLINGEN. es'llng-en. A town in the King- •dom of Wiirttemberg. Germany, situated on the Neckar. in the centre of a pleasing and fertile district, seven miles east-southeast of Stuttgart (Map: Germany, 4). The river is here crossed by a bridge constructed in the thirteenth century and restored in 1838. Esslingen consists of sev- eral suburbs, and of the inner town, which is Vol. VII.— 15. partly surrounded by walls, dating from 1216. Among its public buildings three ol its churi are worthy of notice: The Liebfrauenkirche, ,i handsome Gothic structure; the Church of Saint Dionysius, a basilica in the tran tiun style, founded in' the eleventh renin/ and thai of Saint Paul, in the earl; Gothic style, dating from 1268. [n addition maj be mentioned (.he old and the new Rathaus, and the Castle of Til tried. The industries include large maehine- works, manufactures of gold, silver, and plated ware, cotton mills, and beer breweries. Esslingen is famous for its sparkling Neckar wine known as Esslingen champagne. Population, in 1890, 22,234; in 1900, 27,197. Esslingen was founded in the eighth century, and originally belonged to the Duchy of Swabia. In 1209 it. was made a free Imperial city. The Swabian League was formed at Esslingen in 1488. In 1802 the town came into the possession of Wilrtteml ESSONNES, gs'siiN'. A town in the Depart- ment of Seine-et-Oise, France, a suburban munici- pality one mile southwest of Corbeil, and 19 miles southeast of Paris. It has machinery, linen, and notable paper factories, one establishment em- ploying 3000 men. The parish church is a thir- teenth-century edifice. Population, in 1901,9,374. ESTABLISHMENTS, Ecclesiastical. Those religious bodies which, in various countries, oc- cupy a privileged position as representing the official religion of the State or of its head. The origin of such a connection usually dates back to a period when the inhabitants of the country were practically unanimous in their religious views. When a sovereign was moved to take defi- nite steps in support of religion, it could natu- rally be only of that type of relig^m which was to him and his subjects the normal and recog- nized type. In some eases, notably that of Eng- land, the idea grew up with the country, and antedates any possibility of formal legislation. i See England, Church of.) When, at the Beformation, the bulk of the population of any country transferred its allegiance from one relig- ion to another, the privileges of an establishment were usually transferred in the same manner. The case of Ireland was peculiar; the connection of the Protestant Church of that country with the Church of England allowed it to maintain its position as a privileged body, though in a hope- less minority, until the Disestablishment Act of 1870 was passed by Mr. Gladstone. The con- nection between Church and State may operate in various ways — by the sovereign assuming to nominate the chief ministers of the religious body (see Gallican Church; Concordat); by taxation on the part of the State, or indirectly with its sanction, for the support of the clergy and of public worship; by a regulation of the uses of property devoted to religious purposes and of the procedure and ritual of the Church; by the maintenance of ecclesiastical courts for the enforcement of canonical laws; by the pro- vision of a system of education under ecclesi- astical supervision: and in some cases by the prohibition of dissenting worship. (See Tolera- tion: Nonconformists.) In Protestant coun- tries the sovereign is usually considered the head of the established Church : Queen Victoria used punctiliously to mark her sense of the require- ments of this position by always attending the services of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland