Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/250

* ESSES. 218 ESSEX. ESSES. Collar of. A collar composed of a series of the letter S. See SS, Collar of. ES'SEX i AS. East-Seaxe, East Saxons). A maritime county in southeastern England, "bounded on the north by Cambridge and Suffolk, on the east by the North Sea. on the west by Middlesex and Hertford, and divided from Kent on the south by the Thames estuary (.Map: Eng- land, G 5). It has 85 miles of coastline, and an ana of 1533 square miles. On the coast the surface is low-lying and marshy, but from the centre to the north is undulating and well wooded. Chalk, brick, clay, and sea-salt are the chief mineral products. Cereals and hops are largely grown, and stock is raised for market purposes. There are extensive manufactures of fine clothing materials, and valuable brewing, fishino. and oyster industries. Capital, Chelms- ford. Population, in 1891, 785,445; in 1901, 1,085,44."). Essex figured prominently in early English history. At the time "f Csesar's invasion it was inhabited by the Trinobantes, of whose advanced civilization much numismatic evidence remains. The Romans thoroughly colonized the country, as is shown by relics dug up at Colchester, as well as by the Roman military road which crosses the country. When the Roman power declined the Saxons made Essex the object of their Taids. finally overrunning the land and incor- porating it with the domain of the Count of the Saxon Shore. After the withdrawal of the Romans, it was occupied by the East Saxons, whence its name, and became a member of the S;i n heptarchy. The East Saxons continued to be ruled by a separate dynasty until about 823, when they were absorbed by the West Saxons, which became the ruling power in England. During the struggles of Allied the Great with the Danes Essex was the scene of many fierce conflicts, till, by the Peace of Wedmore (a.d. 879), it was recognized by Alfred as part of the Danish terri- torj of Guthruin. Later the Danes were driven out by Alfred's son. Edward the Elder. In 1045 Essex became part of I lie earldom of Harold, but
 * i time ol the Norman Conquest it had passed

into the domain of the family of Sweiie. Begin- ning with the Norman kings, ami continuing to the present time, it lias constituted an earldom of (lie Crown, ami has passed through several family histories. ESSEX. A town and railway junction of Essex County. Ontario. Canada. 15 miles south- ii Windsor. It is a thriving industrial cen ■oh engineering, furnace-making, ami coop- in 1901, 1391. ESSEX, Robert IIevkki i s ec md Earl of (1567 1601). An English Court favorite ami ID lie was born at Nelherw I. I lei. fordshin Entering Trinity (oil. Cambridge in 1579, he was given the degn f M. . in 1581, ami Hire. .forwards hi- guardian Lord Burghley, introduced him at Court, where he h i ■ ..I He of Elizabet I.. mpa m ing his i ir] ..f Leicester, to II. .11 he di i in. I him .it at the battle of Zut phen. fter I lie death of l..i. ■• oil. ...nt mind |o ibi i h, " ho loaded him i. on command of the .a in 1591 to a ill [enrj I V. of I'm nee n t the Spaniards; and five year- afterwards she appointed him joint commander with Lord Howard in the expedition against Spain. Though Essex displayed exceptional courage at the taking of Cadiz, the expedition was resultless, so that on his return he had to defend himself against various accusations. In 1597, however, he was made Earl Marshal of England, and when Bur- ghley died, Essex succeeded him as Chancellor of i ambridge. At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1599 he went to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant; but his government was ill-advised and ineffective, and after a few trivial undertakings he con- cluded with the rebels a truce which was re- garded at Court as high treason. Contrary to the Queen's express commands, he hastened back to London to confront his enemies, and without changing his travel-stained garments he forcibly effected an interview with the Queen in her bed- chamber. She received him kindly, but after con- sulting advisers she deprived him of his dignities and commanded that he should be called to ac- count for his behavior. When he foolishly tried to excite an insurrection in London to compel Elizabeth to remove his enemies from the council, he was imprisoned, tried, and condemned to death. Elizabeth delayed signing the warrant for his execution in the hope that he would im- plore her pardon. He was beheaded February L'5. 1601, after defending himself with pride and dignity. Consult: Paeon, Declaration of the 1'rneliscs ami Treasons. . . Committed by Rob- ert, Lair Earl of Essex (London. 1601); Sped ding, Bacon, i. (London, 1881), chief authority, should be read with the following: Abbott. Bacon ami Essex (London, 1877), more favorable than Spedding; Barrow. Earl of Essex, in his Mn, mirs of tin 1 Naval Worthies of Queen Eliza- beth's Reign, pp. 333-376 (London, 1845) ; Birch. Memoirs 0/ the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (Lon- don, 1754): Bruce, Correspondence of King James I /. of Scotland with sir Robert Cecil, etc. (Westminster. 1861); Lohmann. Essex-Tram, spiel (Leipzig, 1856) ; Croxall, Memoirs of the Unhappy Favorite (London. 1729); Wotton, Characters of Robert Devereux. . . and Georgt Yilliers, etc. (Lee Priory. 1814); Cooper. Athe- na Cantabrigienses (- vols., Cambridge. 1858), for his writings. ESSEX, Robf.rt Devereix, third Earl of ( 1591 HI Hi). An English general and politician. He was the son of Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex, and in 1604 regained possession of his father's titles, which had been attainted in 1(101. lie was educated at Eton ami Merlon College, Oxford, ami after the aeeei.ni of James I. was one of the companions of the Prince of Wales. afterwards Charles 1. In 1606 he was married to Frances Howard, daughter of the Duke of Suf- folk, but the marriage was a loveless one. anil was annulled in 1613. A second marriage was equally unfortunate. In 1621 he saw sonic service in the Palatinate, and two years later was vice admiral in .i naval expedition agninsl Cadiz. As early as 1626 in- joined the Parliamentary opposition tn Charles I . and remained faithful to the cause of popular government in spite of the many favor, heaped upon him by the King, who hoped to win him ovei to In i.le In 1639 he was lien tenant general in the army sent against the Seoteb Covenanters. Three years Inter, after the ..pen breach between Parliament and the King, be was made commander of the Parliamentary forces. lb' fought tile in.leoi-.hn battle of I'd".
 * e establishments. Population, in ism. 1709 ;