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* ESQUIRE. 214 ESSAY. in the United States and England to all persons supposed to be in easy circumstances, excluding manual laborers and" small shop-keepers. Al- though the title of esquire is now used with little discrimination, the following seem to be those whose claim to it stands on the ground either of legal right or of long-established courtesy: Esquires bv birth — (1) all the untitled sons of noblemen ;"( 2 ) the eldest sons of knights and baronet-: (3) the sons of the younger sons of dukes and marquises, and their eldest sons. are also esquires by profession, whose rank lot descend to their children; and esquires fice, e.g. justices of the peace — who enjoy ile only during their tenure of office. The n rit esquires by letters patent or investi- ture has long ago ceased. ESQTJIROL, a'ske'rol', Jean Etienne Dom- ini. (IE (1772 -1S40). A celebrated French alien- ist, born at Toulouse. He served in the military lazaretto at Xarbonne in 1704, obtained his de- gree of doctor in 1805. and was appointed cian in tli.- Salpetriere at Paris in 1811. After is 17 he delivered clinical lectures on the diseases affecting the mind, and their cures; in lslS his exertions secured the appointment of a commis- sion, of which he became a member, for the remedy of abuses in insane asylums; in 1S2:{ he became inspector-general of the university, and in 1825 Hist physician to the Maison des Alignes. He was at the same time principal physician i the privai.- insane asylum at Charenton, which he had organized with admirable skill. During the July Revolution he lost all his public offices, and withdrew into private life. B.y his humane treatment of the insane he often effected ippiesl cures. His writings embrace all the [ui i ms connected with the treatment of ii iniiy. Esquirol also paid great attention to the construction of suitable buildings for the in- sane; and -I of the modern insane asylums in such as those of Rouen and Montpeliier, J., been built according to his directions. His most important works are: Des illusions ehet lea Is.lii; Eng. trans., by Liddell, 1833), and Des maladies mentales considere'es suns les rap- ports midical, hygii mique 1 1 me'dico-le'gal (1838). ESQUIROS, fi'ske'i.'.s'. Aumioxse Henri (1812-76). French poet, romancer, radical poli tician, and anti-Catholic agitator, born in Paris. lie was imprisoned and confined for his Evangile 1 1 a peupli (1840), and ex ile. I for his political ac- tivity after Napoleon's coup d'6ta1 (1851). He held office under the Governmen! oi National Defense (1870), was suspended by Gambetta, elected Deputy in 1871, and Senator in IS7ti. His politi. .I ?orks are: Histoire des Uonta (1847); L'Angleterre ei la in anglaise 1-70) ; / '. . • i in ml: i i In in hollandai se (1859). I. 1 I '"■ published Religious Life gland (1867). Eis poetrj appeared under t l.e til ondi Hi s (1834) ; ( 'Hants d'un (1841) I .. iii he con! ributed /.<■ ( 'hat lot '• ' 'orday i 1840) Socialistically ethical are La vii futurt an point ■in. I I. ii mo nil* lini- ESQUIVEL, ft'ske-vel', Ii iv de (c.1470 oldier. In 1502 he accom panii d undo, n ho was ap- pointed I.. [ilia .i Governor of iniola. II.- ando in 1604 to subjugate the Indians of the Province of Higuey, then led in revolt by the cacique Cotabanama. In 150!) he was dispatched by Diego Columbus to conquer the island of Jamaica and establish a colony there. He soon accomplished the sub- mission of the Indians and founded the town of Sevilla Xueva. During his few years of rule, the colony, through his wisdom and moderation, attained to great prosperity. ESS, es. Van. The name of two Benedictine monks, cousins, distinguished as Roman Catho- lics of the Liberal school. The elder, Karl vax Ess (1770-1824), was born at Warburg, Westphalia, September 25. 1770. He entered the Benedictine monastery of Huysburg, near Hal- berstadt, in 1788, became prior of the' cloister in 1801, and episcopal commissary in 1811. He died October 22, 1824. With his cousin he pre- pared a translation of the Bible, and made a revision of the Osnabriick song-book. He advo- cated the use of the German language in the liturgy. — Johann Heixricii vax Kss. better known by his romantic name of LEANDEB ( 1772-1847), was born at Warburg, February 15, 1772. He was educated at the Dominican gymna- sium of Warburg, and joined the Benedictine monastery of Marienmiinster at Paderborn in 1700. He was ordained priest in 1 7 !»ti. was pas- tor at Sehwalenbtirg till 1812. and professor of theology in the Marburg Seminary until 1822. He then retired to private life and devoted himself to the translation of the Bible and the circulation of the Scriptures in the ver- nacular. For a time he was agent of the Brit- ish Bible Society. In 1807 he published a Ger- man translation of the Xew Testament, the cir- culation of which was forbidden at the time by the Pope. It is the version now circulated by the Wiirttemberg Bible Society among Roman Catholics. His translation of the entire Bible was completed in 1840. He also prepared edi- tions of the Septuagint and Vulgate. He died at Affolderbach. in the Odenwald. October 13, 1847. Van Ess possessed a valuable library, which was purchased after his death for the Union Theological Seminary of New York. ESSAAD EFFENDI, es'sad of-fOn'de. MO- HAMMED I 1790-1848). A Turkish historian, born in Constantinople in 1790. He was surnamed Sahaf-Zadeh. son of the bookbinder, from his father's occupation. He was historiographer of the Ottoman Empire, superintendent of the offi- cial journal of the Empire, and Ambassador to Persia. A portion of one of his works has been translated into French and edited by Caussin de Perceval under the title Precis historique de I" destruction du corps des Janissaires (Paris. 1833). ESSAY (OF. asai, essai, Ft. essai, Sp. ensayo, It. saggio, experiment, -from hat. exagium, a weighing, from exigere, to examine, exact, drive out. from r.i. out -I agere, to drive ) . The historj of the essay as a separate form of literature be gan near the end of the sixteenth century. II is true thai the Voctes Attica; of Aulus Gellius, with their speculation and criticism, the tales of Plu- tarch, rich in heroic anecdote, and even some of the orations of Cicero, such as the Pro Irchia, are suggestive of discursive, historical, and lite- rary essays of Renaissance and modern writers; vet to none of the ancients belongs the honor that i Montaigne's the credit of being the father of