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* ESPEKSON. 212 ESPOUSAL. ranti e i neutrali (1865); La questione Anglo- imericana del' 'Alabama' discussa secondo i p ii del diritto internazionale (1869); Giurisdizione internazionale maritima (1877); and L'Angleterre et lea capitulations dans I'ili de Chypre au point de vue du droit international (1879). ES'PINAL' (Sp., t horny), or CHANAE. Terms applied to the thorny dry ground (xero- phytic) thickets of western Argentina. See Thicket. ESPINAS, a'spe'na', Alfred Victor ( 1844 — ). A French philosopher and sociologist. He was born at Saint Florentin (Yonne). In 1893 he was offered the chair of social economy at the Sorbonne in Paris. His works include: Les sociites animates (1877) ; La philosophie experi- mental en Italic (1880) ; Histoire des doctrines tconomiques (1893); La philosophie social, du XVI Heme Steele et la Revolution ( 1898). He also translated, with Th. Ribot, Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1874). ESPINASSE, as'pe'nas'. See L'Espinasse. ESPINASSE, Esprit Charles Makie (1815- f>9). A French general, born at Saissac (Aude). He was made a general and aide-de-camp to Louis Napoleon after the coup-d'etat of December 2, 1851, in recognition of his service to his cause in invading the National Assembly at night and seizing the questors. During the Crimean War he fought in the battle of the Tchernaya and at the taking of the MalakofT. As Minister of the Interior for a short time in 1858 he presented to the French Legislature the famous Loi de sureti killed in the battle of Magenta, June 4, 1859. ESPINEL, a'spe'nel', -Vixcekte (1550-1(124). A Spanish poet and musician born at Ronda (Andalusia). He served as a soldier in Italy and Flanders, and upon his return to Spain entered the Church, lie is said to have indented the fifth string of the guitar, and was an excel- lent musician. His most important work is a romance, Relaciones de la vida del escudero Mar- cos de Obreg&n i liils), from which Le Sage bor- rowed several incidents in Gil lllas. He also wrote a translation of Horace and some lyrical poems published under the title Diversas rimas dc Vincente Espini I t 1591 ) . ESPINOSO, asp.- no's,',. Caspar de (1484- 1537). A Spanish lawyer and soldier, born at Medina del Campo. In 1514 he accompanied Pedrarias Dftvilo to America, and became Chief lu tice of the Colony at Darien. He was judge • i the tribunal which condemned to death Bal- boa. IMviln's predecessor a- Governor, but re- fused i" pass sentence upon the famous explorer until ordered to do so by the Governor. He loned his judicial position and was the leader of sevei il - cpeditions against the Indians, whom he treated with great cruelty. In 1518 . ided Pa name a ad se era I yea rs later re- to Spain, where he was rewarded by V., and wa a ppointed a Crown officer in Santo Domingo He returned and when I'i/.arro lilted out his second ian expedition became one of his flna d ESPIRITO SANTO, a-spB're-te saw'to (Porl ril ime State of Brazil, I tided by the si the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the State of Rio de Janeiro on the south., and Minas Geraes on the west (Map: Brazil, J 7). Its area is 17,310 square miles. The Sierra dos Aimores marks the western border. The coast is generally swampy, but to the south there are precipitous cliffs. The interior is gen- erally mountainous, with elevations reaching 7000 feet. The main river is the navigable Rio Doce, which divides the State into two equal parts. All the streams are well supplied with tish. There is but one good harbor, that of Espirito Santo. The tropical climate is tem- pered by the proximity of the sea, the mountains, and the extensive forests. The soil is very fertile. Sugar-cane and coffee are chiefly grown, cotton and rice receiving some attention. There is one cotton-mill in the State. The export of coffee from Victoria (q.v.), the capital, and practically the only port, has greatly fallen off, having been only 218.000 bags (of 132 pounds) in 1900, as against 380,000 in 1898. The forests furnish costly woods and rare drugs. There are wild stretches of land, lying for the most part in the north, little explored as yet, and inhabited by Indians. Fishing is a leading occu- pation. Deposits of marble and lime have been found, but there is no mining. Stock-raising is neglected. Esperito Santo has four represen- tatives in the national Chamber of Deputies. There are in the State only some 50 miles of railway. The population, in 1890, was 135,997, or 7.2 inhabitants per square mile. There are several German settlements. Though the State is liberal in its supply of funds for public schools, the percentage of children receiving instruction is low, and the inhabitants have little education. The shores of Espirito Santo were first visited by the Portuguese in 1535. ESPOUSAL (OF. espousailles, Fr. tpou- sailles, from Lat. sponsalia, betrothal, pi. of sponsalis, bride, from sponsa, bride, from spon- dere, to pledge) . A ceremony of betrothal prepar- atory to marriage. (1) Among the Jews, the first advances suggesting betrothal or engagement were generally on the part of the young man's parents (Gen. xxxiv. 0, 24) ; sometimes, however, the young man himself suggested the union (Judges xiv. 2). The proposition was accompanied by the giving of gifts, and, when both parties agreed, the groom's parents gave a dowry to the bride's family. Originally this was the property of the family, but later it became the property of the bride to provide for her future in case of forced divorce or the death of her husband. From the t i ii ii- of betrothal any breach of chastity on the pari "I the bride meant death, and in general the same rule-- applied as if the marriage had already been celebrated. There is no definite period after betrothal when the marriage lakes place. In later limes the right of cl sing was given to the in- dividuals concerned in the marriage, but even then the form of betrothal was still binding. (2) In the early Christian Church also a ceremony ol espousal preceded marriage. The preliminaries consisted in a mutual agreement between thi parlies thai the I 'riage should take place with- in a limited time, confirmed by certain donations as the earnest of marriage, and attested by a sufficient number of witnesses. The free consent of parties contracting marriage was required by the old Roman law and bj the Code of Justinian.
 * . iicrnle. He entered the army again and was