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* ESKIMO. 209 ESMANN. crawling upon hands and knees. In some places — for example, in northern Alaska — lints are half underground. Many of the western and Lab- rador Eskimo build their houses chiefly of wood. Some of the winter houses of the East Greenland Datives shelter forty to sixty persons. The temporary winter bouses, built. during jour- neys, are made of blocks of snow, piled in a shape somewhat like that of a beehive. Tbe dress for men and women consists of boots, trousers, and a jacket with a hood, which can be drawn up to cover the head. Women nursing children carry their infants in hoods. Tbe boots of the women are higher than those of the men, and indeed among the Smith Sound Eskimo extend to the thighs. Except where trade is carried on with the whites, the clothing is entirely of furs and the skins of birds, and may be considered perfect for the conditions under which it is worn. In the relations between the sexes there is much laxity, but where missionary influences prevail the marital relations are of the conventional civilized type, and the sexual morality of many natives is of a high order. There is much that is admirable in these simple-minded people. They are honorable with regard to property, children and the aged and infirm are well cared for, and generosity and hospitality are characteristic traits. Most of the products of the hunt are common property. The Eskimo are naturally cheerful, merry and light-hearted, fond of song and music and with some skill in its production, though among tribes not in close contact with white men the only musical instrument is a kind of small tambourine made of membrane stretched over an oval bone frame. They are friendly to strangers and warfare is almost unknown among them. Many are adepts in making carvings of walrus ivory, the Alaska natives excelling in the ornamentation and finish of these products. Those natives who are not under missionary influence have the vaguest religious ideas. They believe in invisible powers or demons which rule over the riches of the sea, and a special function of the angekoks, or shamans, is to propitiate these mys- terious influences. Bibliography. Dall, "On the So-called Chuk- chi," etc., American "Naturalist, vol. xvi., No. 11 (1881); Olivier, "Sur les Esquimaux d'Asie," Bulletin Socicte d'Anthropologie (1877, p. 586) ; John Ross, Second Voyage, appendix, pp. 1-104 (London, 1835) ; McLean, Notes on the "Hudson lint/ Territory, vol. ii., ch. 10 and 11 (London. 1849) ; J. Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedi- tion, vol. i., ch. xi. (London, 1851); Hall. Life with the Esquimaux (18G4); H. Rink, Talcs and Traditions of the Eskimo (London, 1875) ; id., Danish Greenland (London, 1887) ; id., The Eskimo Tribes (London, 18S7) ; Jose- phine Diebitsch Peary, My Arctic Journal (New York, 1893) ; Nansen, Eskimo Life (London, 1S94) : R. E. Peary, "Northward Over the Great Ice, vol. i., appendix ii.; F. Boas, "The Central Eskimo," Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 399-000; Murdock, "The Point Barrow Eskimo," Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1880-87): Nelson, "Tbe Eskimo About Bering Strait," Eighteenth An- nual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 1 (1890-97). ESKIMO DOG. See Sledge-Bog. ESKI-SHEHR. An ancient city of Asiatic Turkey. See Malatia. ESKI-SHEHR'. A town and railway junc- tion in the Kutai Sanjak, Brusa, Asiatic Turkey, on the Pursak Su, 104 miles west of Angora by rail. It consists of commercial and residential sections divided by a stream, on the northern slope of a broad and fertile valley inclosed by hills. It is noted for its warm mineral springs and valuable meerschaum-mines. It is the an- cient Dorylseum. Population, 20,000, of which one-third are Christians and thy rest Moham- medans. ESKI-ZAGRA, eVke" zii'gra (Turkish name, meaning Old Zagraj Bulg. Stara-Zagora). A town of Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situ- ated at the southern base of the Bal- kans, 45 miles south of Tirnova (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). In the neighborhood are numerous gardens, and rose oil is one of the chief products of the town. There are also a number of mineral springs. Eski-Zagra is very advantageously located at the junction of the chief passes in the central Balkan range. In July, 1S77, a battle was fought near Eski-Zagra between the Russians under General Gurko and the Turks under Suleiman Pasha, as a result of which the Russian forces were thrown back. Population, in 1887, 10,039; in 1901, 19,480, composed chiefly of Bulgarians, Turks, and Jews. ES'EA. A river of Spain, rising at the base of the Pena Urbina, one of the highest peaks of the Cantabrian Mountains, and flowing in a gen- eral southerly direction through the provinces of Leon and Zamora to its confluence with the Duero, about 20 miles below the city of Zamora (Map: Spain, C 2). ESLAVA, a-sla'va, Miguel Hilarion (1807- 78). A Spanish composer and theorist. He was born at Burlada, near Pamplona, where he re- ceived bis first musical education, probably under A. Julian Prieto and Francisco Seccanilla. In 1828 be became maestro in Ossuna Cathedral, where he also took holy orders. In 1832 he was appointed to the same position at Seville, and in 1844 he became Court maestro to Queen Isabella at Madrid. He was one of the most distinguished Spanish musicians of his day, and displayed great versatility both as a composer and a writer. His principal works are the three operas El solitario (1841), Las treguas de Tolemnida (1842). and Pietro el crudcle ( 1843) ; the valuable collections, Museo organico espanol and Lira saoro-hispana (1869); about 150 masses, motets, and psalms, and a brief history of the Church music of Spain. ESLAVA, Sebastian de (1698-1759). A Spanish soldier, born at Equillor. Having served with distinction in the wars of Philip V., he was appointed in 1738 lieutenant-general, and in 1740 Viceroy of New Grenada (the present Republic of Colombia ). He refortified the fort of Cartagena, which in 1741 be brilliantly defended against a strong English force under Admiral Sir Edward Vernon. In 1744 be became Spanish Minister of War. ESMANN, eVman, Gustav (I860—). A Danish author and journalist, born and educated at Copenhagen. He studied law, but abandoned it for literature, his first production being the two novels published in the volume Gammel Gjceld (1885). His plays, which are frequently performed in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, are superficially effective, but lacking in dramatic characterization. Among them may be mentioned