Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/230

* ERZINGAN. 198 ESCANABA. the streets are narrow and dirty. There are manufactures of silk, cotton, canvas, and copper ware, and in the vicinity are Government tan- neries and clothing factories. Agriculture is well developed, cereals and fruit being largely grown on the surrounding plains. The Arsinga of mediaeval times, it was a place of impor- tance as early as the fourth century. There are now. however, few traces of its antiquities. It was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake in 1774. Population, 23,000, of which two thirds are Mohammedans and the rest Armenians. E'SARHAD'DON (Assyr. Asshur-al^iddina, Asshur lias given a brother). A King of Assyria who succeeded his father, Sennacherib, in B.C. 6S0. He had been placed over Babylonia during his father's lifetime, and by a special decree had been declared heir to the throne. In consequence perhaps of this favoritism shown to a son who was not the eldest. Sennacherib was murdered by two of his sons. Sharezer and Adarmalik (II. Kings xix. 36-37). The Babylonian chronicle, however, makes mention of only one son as the assassin. Proclaiming himself Governor of Baby- Ionia. Esarhaddon set out in hot haste to avenge his father's death. The Avar, which is noted in the Babylonian chronicle as an interregnum, lasted less than a year, and at the end of that time Esarhaddon was able to declare himself King of Assyria. His reign of eleven years was full of military campaigns. He conducted success- ful operations against the Chaldeans. In the west, Sidon was captured and razed to the ground. Tyre he tried to take, but failed. His most im- portant enterprise was an attack upon Egypt. In two campaigns (n.c. 073 and 670) Egypt was taken and reorganized under Assyrian rule. It was Esarhaddon's misfortune that during his time began the scries of attacks from the north which finally ended in the fall of Assyria (see Assyria i. but lie did all he could to check them. In B.C.66S Egypt rebelled, and he set out to chas- tise the rebels, hut died on the way. He showed a great predilection for Babylonia, and. granting the people as much independence as was consist- ent with the recognition of Assyrian supremacy, he planned the rebuilding of (he city, which had been destroyed in his father's lifetime, and re- stored ii to its former glory. By his wish Sha- mash-shum-ukin was made Governor of Baby- lonia and Asurbanipal King of Assyria. Despite his numerous wars, he found time' for elaborate building enterprises. E'SAXT (lleh. Esau, hairy). According to the narrative' of Genesis (chaps, xxv.-xxxiii.), the elder -mi of fsaac and twin brother of Jacob. The narrative is regarded by many scholars as symbolizing the history of I-:, him and Israel. i is viewed as the ancestor of the Edomites, hi in •■ i s idenf ified n it h Edom, h ile Jacob U ified w ith Israel. Bol b I m ami Jacob are • i i he Bedouin, the former of the w iMer the latter of tin- pastoral nomad. The rd i ii i be one hand the common in of t he I i ml i [ebrews, and on the other hand their hostility to one another, which pn ' lili il I hi -inline. V, ilile l,ul Ii ;ire si ill in the womb (Hen. xv. 22). It ■ thai ' I i iqi he became a 'man of the del, I.' as opposed to •inch, who 'dwell in tent.' i; - I .As the elder i enl hie, I ■ facob bul old hi birthri to his brother (id., 29, 34). In spite of this he attempted to secure Isaac's dying blessing, which pertained to the birthright ; but Jacob, disguising himself as Esau, circumvented him, and Esau received but a secondary blessing (Gen. xxvii. 1-40). Esau, now greatly enraged, resolved to kill his brother, and Jacob fled to escape him ( id., 41, 45) ; but on Jacob's return from sojourn- ing with Laban, twenty years after, Esau became reconciled to him (Gen. xxxiii. 1-15), and the two brothers later buried their father together (Gen. xxxv. 20). This narrative is regarded by the critical scholar as a compilation of the two sources, Vahwist and Elohist, one of which at least took on the whole a more honorable view of Esau than of Jacob. Jacob's name is interpreted by Esau as the 'deceiver.' and the story of Jacob's decep- tion of his father is told in a manner which, de- spite all endeavors to the contrary, amuses sym- pathy for Esau. That Jacob as the younger son secures the birthright and the blessing not only reflects the national pride which strove to give Israel the preference over Edom, but may, in a form of the story produced by a writer of the southern kingdom, have been intended to cast a reproach on the more powerful northern kingdom — which was Israel imr excellence — by suggesting the dishonest manner in which the north obtained its more prominent position. The Judseans were closer to the Edomites than the northern tribes, and since at times the relations between the two were friendly, a form of the old story of Esau and Jacob may have arisen at this period in which the points more favorable to Esau were brought out. Naturally, when the final shape was given to the combination of the Yahwist and Elohist, the conventional view regarding Esau and Jacob was already established, and the conduct of Edom at the destruction of Jerusalem, in aiding the Babylonians (see Edom and cf. Psa. exxxvii. 7). would be a sufficient reason for the attempt to put Esau in the most unfavorable light. ESBJERG, eVbyerg. A seaport of Denmark, situated on the North Sea, opposite the island of Fan,"., and 35 miles west of Kohling (Map: Den- mark. B 3). The town has considerable manu- facturing and fishing, and is an export centre for dairy products, bacon, and beef. It has steamship traffic with England, and is the terminus of a sub- marine cable to Calais. Population, in 1890, 4111; in 1001, 13,305. ESCALOP (OP. escalope, from MDuteh schrl- /■i . Dutch schelp, shell, [eel. skalpr, sheath. OHG, skeliva, dialectic Ger. Schelfe, husk, Eng. scalp), or SHELL. A symbol used in heraldry tiv ignify that the bearer has made many long voy- ages by sea. As an emblem of pilgrimage it was commonlj given t,, those who had been to the Crusades, and it came to be regarded as indicating either that the bearer or his ancestor had been a crusader. The escalop shell wis the emblem of Saint James, jmd those who made the pilgrimage to his shrine at Compostela were en- titled 1" heir the osoalop shells. Sec IlKRAI.ORY. ESCANABA, Ss'ka-na'ba. A city and the county-seal of Delia County, Mich., 115 miles northeast of Green Bay, Wis.; on Tittle Bay di Noquette, an inlet of* Green Bay, Lake Michi hi. I ,,n the ('hie.,-,, and Northwestern and (he Chicago, Milwauki •• ami Sainl Paul railroads (Map: Michigan. F 3). It has a < 1 harbor,