Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/229

* ERYTHEMA. 197 ERZINGAN. and tops (dorsa) of the feet; this constituting erythema nodosum, or dermatitis contusiformis. In all forms, nourishing diet, tonics, hygiene, reg- ulation of digestion, removal of cause, diuretics, and alkaline solutions, oil inunctions and pro- tective powders or ichthyol are useful in the treatment. ERYTH'IA. One of the Hesperides. ERYTHR-ffi'A. See Centaury. ERYTHR-ffiA. See Eritrea. ER'YTHR-ffi'AN SEA (Lat. Mare Erythne- urn, Gk. i] ifivdiii. ddXaacra, he erythra thnlassa, the red sea). In ancient geography, a name ap- plied to an indefinite expanse of the Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. Later geographers restricted the name Erythncan to the Arabian Sea. ER'YTHRO'NIUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. epv- tf/i4i'(oi», erythronion,- the name of some plant, from ipv0p6s, erythros, red), Dog's-Tooth Vio- let, or AdDEE'S-Tongue. A genus of bulbous- rooted plants of the natural order Liliaeea?, found in the light, rich soil of cool, moist, but not dense- ly shaded woods of the north temperate zone. Nine species with numerous well-marked varie- ties are indigenous in British Columbia, Washing- ton, and Oregon ; one in the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to California: four in eastern North America, and four in the Old World. In early spring two radical leaves, often handsomely mot- tled, appear: between them is a naked scape bear- ing one or several flowers with more or less re- flexed petals, whose colors range in some species through various shades of yellow to white, in others from greenish to lavender and reddish tints. Erythronium grandiflorum (for illustra- tion, see Plate of California Flora), one of the Pacific Coast species, has unmottled leaves, pro- duces 1-5 very bright yellow flowers on each scape. Erythronium Americanum, of which there are several varieties, is the commonest spe- cies east of the Mississippi, its range extending from Canada to the Gulf States. (For illustra- tion, see Plate of LlLIACEjE.) The name 'adders- tongue' is also applied to the fern Ophioglossum vulgatum. ERYTH'ROPHYLL (from Gk. epulis, ery- thros, red -f voi phyllon, leaf). A name for- merly applied to the red pigments appearing in leaves in autumn. See Anthocyan ; Color in Plants. ER'YTHROX'YLON. See Coca. ERZBERG, ertsljeric. See Fisenerz. E'RYX (Lat., from Gk.'Epuf). An ancient city and mountain in the western part of Sicily, near the seashore and Drepanum (Trapani). The mountain is now known as Monte San Giuliano. The summit was occupied by a famous shrine of Venus Erycina. During the first Punic War it was held by Hamilcar Barca. ERZERTJM, er'z'-room', or ERZEROTJM. The capital of the vilayet of the same name in Turkish Armenia, situated on a plain 0000 feet above the level of the sea (Map: Turkey in Asia, J 3). There are a number of mosques, baths, and mausoleums. Its fortifications have been renewed since 1804, and Ezerum is regarded of considerable military importance owing to its inaccessible position and proximity to the fron- tier. Erzerum is famous for its copper and iron ware, as well as for its shawls and carpets. The industries, however, have declined considerably on account of emigration and the turbulent state of the country. Its commerce, which was mostly with Persia, lias diminished since the completion of the Transcaucasian Railway, over which route the trade between Persia and Europe is mainly carried. The population is estimated at about -10.01)0, about half of whom are 'lurks, the rest being Armenians, Persians, and Greeks. II is the seat of several consular representatives, including one from the United States. Erzerum i- an ancient town. Its Armenian name was Garin Khalakh. Near it stood the old S ro-Arnienian town of Arsen. When the Sel- juks captured this place, the inhabitants lied to a fortress at Erzerum, which the Seljuks accord ingly called Arsen-er-Rum, i.e. Arsen of the Ro- mans (or Byzantines), whence the modern Erze- rum. In 1201 it fell into the hands of the Sel- juks; of the Mongols in 1242; and finally, in 1517, into those of the Turks. In the war of 1828-20, between the Turks and the Russians, the taking of Erzerum by the latter decided the cam- paign in Asia. Erzerum was an important mili- tary centre during the war of 1877 -7*. and held out against the Russians, who were allowed to occupy it at the close of the war. In October, 1878, it was returned to the Turks. ERZGEBIRGE, erts'ge-ber'ge (Ger., Ore Mountains). A mountain range of Europe, ex- tending along the boundary line between Saxony and Bohemia (Map: Germany, E 3). It stretches southwest and northeast for a distance of about 100 miles, from the Elster Mountains on the southwest to the Elbsandstein Mountains on the northeast. It has a breadth of about 25 miles, and rises abruptly on the southern side, while the northern side slopes gradually and con- tains many well-cultivated and fertile valleys. The highest peak, the Keilberg. is 4060 feet high, while the average elevation is about 2500 feet. The Elbe receives the drainage from both sides of the watershed; on the south through the Eger, and on the north chiefly through the Mulde. The range is crossed by numerous passes and railway lines. The forests are very extensive and the climate is somewhat rigorous. The main central mass is gneiss, with mica schist on the north- ern slope, but with some crops of eruptive rocks. The mineral deposits from which the range takes its name are of great importance. Silver was found in the Erzgebirge a.s early as the twelfth century, and lead, copper, tin, iron, nickel, and cobalt have been mined for a long time. Large deposits of coal are also found, and the industrial importance of Saxony and Bohemia is due to a large extent to the mineral wealth of the Erzge- birge. ERZINGAN, er'zing-.in. The capital of a sanjak in the Vilayet of Erzerum, Asiatic Turkey, on the Sivas-Erzerum road, 80 miles southeast of Erzerum. It is 3900 feet above sea-level, on the western fringe of a fertile plain watered by the West- ern Euphrates. It is an important gar-, rison town, and its chief features are the modern Government buildings, extensive barracks, and military hospital. There are also a fine new- mosque, a good bazaar, an Armenian teachers' seminary, and Armenian schools for juveniles. With the exception of the main thoroughfare,