Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/22

* ELM. leaves of which bear galls used in tanning and dyeing. 'The name 'Spanish elm' is given in the West Indies to a tree also called Bois-de-Chypre ih us ) . of the natural order Bora- ginacese, the timber of which is -valuable: also to Bamelia ventricosa, of the natural order Ru- biaces, the timber of which is known to cabinet- makers as prince-wood. The water-elm {Phanera aquatica) is a tree 30 to 50 feet high, occurring from North Carolina to Kentucky. Missouri, and southward. The name elm is applied in Austra- lia to two timber-trees, Aphananthe Philippinen- sis of the order Urticaceas, and Duboisia myo- poroides of the order Solenaceae. For illustration, see Edelweiss. ELMACIN, el'mii-ken (also Elm acinus, or Ei.makyni, George (1223-73). An Arabian ( bristian historian, known in the East as Ibn- Amid. lb 1 was successively ketib (Or secretary) to the court of Hi" Sultans of Egypt, and (from secretary to the Council of War. He wrote time of Jlohammed to 1117. The work appeared at Leyden in Arabic and Latin in 1625, and was afterwards translated into French. ELMALTJ, el-nni'loo, or ALMALEE. A town in Asiatic Turkey, in the Vilayet of Konieh, about 45 miles from the coast. It is picturesque- ly situated in a mountainous region, has some flour-mills, tanneries, and a considerable trade. Its population is estimated at from 3000 to -1000. ELMES, Harvey Lonsdale (1813-47). An English architect, born at Chichester. In 1836 he was successful among eighty-six in competition for the design of Saint George's Hall. Liverpool, lie was likewise successful in a subsequent com- petition for the design of the Assize Courts in the same city, and when it was decided to include the hall and th'- courts in one building he prepared a new design. The work of construction was super- intended by li i in until ill health obliged him to withdraw in ls(7. He exhibited architectural drawings at the Royal Academy. EL 'MET. A small principality in ancient Britain, between Leeds and York, 'roughly rep- ed by the West Riding of Yorkshire.' It retained its independence until early in the seventh century. Edwin (q.v.), King of Deira, on conquering the kingdoms of Bernicia and Klmet. established thi Kingdom of Nbrthumbria by the union of Deira, Bernicia, and Elmet. ELMINA, el inc'na 'native name Deno). A fortified seaport of the British Colon; of the Gold K • i Africa, situated eight miles west of Castle It i- the chief outlet for ide of Uhanti | Map: Africa, 1> t I El min.'i gained some importnn luring the Dutch hut it lias greatly declined since then ami Buffered much during the Uhanti wars. h populal ion is estimati ovei 10.500. ELM-INSECTS. The elm seems peculiarly of foliage eat ing in- . however, ign Bpe- eies, which have been accidentally imported and and which are likely to attai European elm in pref rence to Amei ica a 1 ■ Euro- pe ''" . be included within all plantation to I red over the 3 ELM-INSECTS. whole plantation. The gypsy moth, brown-tail (see iloTH, Brown-tailed), tussock-moth (q.v.), and other defoliaters, are more or less numerous, especially in New England, where great sums of money (see Gypsy JIotii) have been and con- tinually are spent by local governments in sup- pression of the evil; while the bagworm and va- rious minor insects, such as bark-lice and leaf- beetles, attack these trees in the South and West. elm-leaf beetle (Galcruca xanthomelsena). a, Adult beetle: b, full-grown larva: r. elm-leaf, with grubs eating and la.ving eggs ; d, eggs (maguifiedj. The Elm-Leaf Beetle is, of all these, perhaps the most generally destructive to the foliage of this tree. It is a well-known European pest, which first appeared in the United States about 1837, and has gradually become widespread. It is a yellowish-brown chrysomelid beetle, a quar- ter of an inch long, with three indistinct dark stripes on the wings. The beetles begin to feed while the leaves are growing, and eat round holes in them. They soon deposit clusters of bottle-shaped orange-colored eggs on the under sides of the leave-, and then die. The caterpillar- like grubs speedily hatch and begin feeding. They are black at first, but become more yellow- ish with each molt, until finally they are wholly yellow except three dark stripes. South of Phila- delphia, two broods are usually produced annual- ly, but northward only one. The larvae feed voraciously and soon skeletonize the leaves, and the infested tree rapidly becomes as if burned. The grubs then crawl or fall to the ground and go into the pupa state near or on the surface of the soil, sometimes so numerously as to make a noticeable yellow carpet all about the trunk of the tree. Ordinarily, however, they are more scattered, seeking crevices which will protect them somewhat: and in this -date those of the single northern brood or of the second southern brood pass the winter, full details of this life- history will be found in Marlatt's Elm Leaf i^rih, published a- "Circular 'o. s" by the Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1S05), and 1 lie author recommends the following rente dial measures: "The adults, for a week or two after emerging, feed on the newly expanded Foliage, and a apraying with Paris green or other arsenical will destroy the great majority of them. 1 pecial pains should be taken to accomplish the dest lion of the insect in this stage. . . . If rains interfere with spraying for the adults,
 * i history of the Saracens, extending from the