Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/154

* ENTRY. 130 ENVIRONMENT. whether otherwise provided for or not. was the writ of entry. The efficacy of this proceeding at it gave effect to the right of entry, bv the exi which one who ate was enabled by ihc mere act of taking possession to reinvest him- with his rights therein. I See Entby, Right In the course of time the proceeding by writ of entry became as intricate and complieat- earlier remedies which it had displaced, and i! was gradually abandoned in favor of the more summary action of ejectment. (See Eject- Mt i having long fallen into disuse, the writ of entry was. along with the other an- c .h-, ory remedies, abolished by act of Parliament, in 3 and 4 Will. IV.. c 27,.sec 36. It survives in several of the United States, however; in a simplified form, and usually for ial purposes only — as, in some of the New md Slates, as* a means of enforcing a tgage. See Assize: Foreclosure; Seisin. ih the authorities referred to under Real I'KOI'ERTY. ENTWISTLE, ent'wis'l, James (1837 — ). An American naval officer, born at Paterson, N. J. He entered the United States Navy in 1861. was commissioned lieutenant-commander in 1873, promoted to be commander in 1888, joined the Asiatic sqnadron in 1895. and distinguished him- self in the battle of Manila Bay. May 1. 1898. In 1899 lie became captain and rear-admiral, and was retired. ENVELOPE (OF. ewooburper, emoeVoper, en- apper, Ft. envelopper, to enwrap). A paper covering extensively employed for inclosing let- i irculars, pamphlets, and other mail mat- lev, ami for an endless variety of other purposes. Envelopes began to be used in England and the United States in the decade from 1840 to 1850. In both countries their use for letter mail fol- lowed the introduction of cheap postage. At first the blank forms from which envelopes are made were cut by hand to a pattern, and also gummed and folded by hand. The first practi- cable machine for making envelopes was pat- ented in England in 1S44 by Warren Pe la Rue and Edwin Hill. In America the first patent was granted in 1849 to .1. K. Park and C. S. Wat -on. The lie la Km- machine was in many respects similar to the machines now in use, as described below ; bnrl instead of gumming and lifting the blank in practicallj one operation the blank uas lifted h india rubber lingers, then ii mmed by ■■< separate arm. Envelopes a re now made en i i rely by machinery, and their manufacture is a comparatively simple ]. lores,, involving one continuous operation. They ue mi oni directly from b ream of paper, 500 i in larger numbers if the paper is in. This i- accomplished by a steam driven die. I See |l|i:s Wll I )l I Si K I M, I . Tile blanks, thus ent, are automatically fed into the let hey lire iiiniiir. ■ I,, one. by the 'gum-picker,' which i- fed with gum by n applied to tlie margin of each blank. ed on i o t in. folding bos wie daps, but ii.. in. i -I, i >ie , in elope is now carried i . i in, and during i per i dried. The finished in bunches of 'jo bv t be bain. ami. .hi, i being banded with a narrow strip of paper, are ready for shipment. By this process from 5000 to 6000 envelopes per hour can be made by a single machine. During the closing years of the nineteenth cen- tury there was a remarkable development of labor- saving devices for office use. Among these inven- tions are various improvements on the ordinary gummed envelope. In one form a wire is so at- tached to the inner edge of the envelope that by pulling it at either end the envelope is neatly torn open without the use of a knife. Then there are various devices for fastening together enve- lopes which are intended for inclosing second-class or unsealed mail or simply for filing purposes. Among these patented devices are numerous clasp fasteners, like those in which a thin nar- ,row strip of flexible metal is attached to the body of the envelope and, for fastening, passes through an eyelet in the flap and is bent over; or those in which a cord attached to one eyelet is wound around a second eyelet. An envelope for mailing third-class matter, like circular letters, so as to have the appearance of first-class mail, is made by leaving ungummed a portion of the flaps, so the contents may be inspected. Expansive enve- lopes for filing purposes are made with fluted ends that fold over each other, so the envelope occupies but little space until it becomes well filled. ENVELOPES. See Curves. ENVIRONMENT (from OF., Fr. environ, around, from en, in -4- viron, turn, from rirer, ML. virare, to veer, from Lat. riria, bracelet, from viere, to twist ). The sum of external con- ditions that limit or direct the activities of an individual or group. For the individual it in- cludes everything which is not identified with the self. Two kinds of environment are recognized: (1) the physical or economic, and (2) the psychi- cal or social. PHYSICAL Environment. By the terms en- vironment, surroundings, conditions of life, or medium (milieu) is meant the nature or natural condition of any region or area of the earth's surface. It is the milieu ambiant — the monde amliiant of Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Life consists of constant reactions and readjustments to the influence of, or changes in, the environment, and this molding of life-forms to the medium or surroundings is what we call adaptation. Were there no diversity in. no changes of, the environ- ment, there would be no differentiation or speciali- zation, no species, no varieties or variation. Life is dependent on motion, change, and change in environment has been the initial cause of evolu- tion. This fact has been vaguely hinted at by Hip- pocrates, by Aristotle, and others down to the time of Buffon, Erasmus Darwin. Lamarck, and Geoffroy. The environment may lie analyzed into molar or mechanical, physical, chemical, geologi cal. geographical conditions, food conditions, and biological surroundings. Examples of the molar or mechanical environment are gravity, atmospheric pressure, confined space, currents of water, the action of wind. Under the head oi tin physical environment may be comprised electricity, light, darkness, temperature, sound. 'In II Iieiiiieal nature of food -materials, odors, tastes, etc., animals respond, the physical and chemioal stimuli setting the evolutionary ball in motion, or starting the machinery of life in the seed, the egg, and in the primary modes of