Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/148

* ENOCH. 124 book of Genesis (ch. iv.). was adopted by Mo- hammedans as well as Christians. ENOCH, Book of. The statement. Gen. v. 24, that "£110011 walked with God." etc.. interpreted in Jewish theology to refer to his translation, made it natural that in an age favorable to the production of apocalyptic literature, a book should appear claiming the authority of the mysterious Enoch. The book of Enoch, which was originally written in Hebrew or Aramaic — probably the former — is a specimen of this apoc- alyptic literature produced in Palestine in the two centuries preceding our era. The original Hebrew is lost, and is known to us only from an Ethiopic translation made from a Greek transla- tion of the original text. Of the Greek text, thanks to recent discoveries in Egypt, a con- siderable number of fragments are now known, and there are hopes of finding more. The book was well known to New Testament writers, who were influenced both by its thought and dic- tion. Jude quotes it (ver. 14). and Barnabas classes it among scriptural books (Epistle iv. 3 : xvi. 5). Traces of it are also to be fouid in other apocalyptic writings, as the Book of Hi, Secrets of Enoch and the Testaments of the Tin Ire Patriarchs, Apocalypse of Baruch, and Fourth Book of Ezra. (See AroCRYPHA.) The book consists of 108 chapters and is divided into five parts. The first (chs. i-xxxvi.) discourses of such subjects as the fall of the angels, and the journey of Enoch through the earth in the company of an angel, by whom he i- initiated into the secrets of nature, etc. It is the oldest piece of Jewish literature to teach the general resurrection of Israel and to describe Gehenna as a place of punishment for the wicked. Sin in the world is said to have been by tli<> Inst of the angels. Hence they were doomed to destruction, and in addition the Deluge was sent to complete the first judg- ment of the world. Through the evil spirits, born of the children of the angels and the daughters of men. sin continued in the world after llir Deluge. A final judgment is therefore needed, in which all — -angels, demons, and all Israelites — will receive their reward. The wicked will be cast into Gehenna, all Israel will enjoy a resurrection, and the Messianic kingdom will be established in a world cleansed from sin. with Jerusalem as a centre. The Gentiles will ho converted. The second part (chs. xxxvii.-lxx.i contains Enoch's account of what was revealed to him concerning the heavenly or spiritual re- gion. The origin of sin is traced back to the Satans, who in turn corrupted the angels. The s.m of Man will appear to execute judgment. The third part (chs. lxxi.-lxxxii.) treats of astronomy and the phenomena of the seasons. The fourth part (chs. lxxxiii.-xc.) represents Enoch beholding in, prophetic vision the course of I ii in i- Providence till the coming of the Messiah, is in the New Jerusalem set up by Gdd; md the last part (chs. xci-civ.) con- sists of exhortations based on what has pre- ceded, in which, however, the final judgment is ed till the close of the Messianic kingdom, oi 1 he ot her seel ions, h the advent of I hal I. ingdom. While the general ideas and teachings in the uilicicni number UppO I' loll I li:il ENOJYLOTO BTJIO. different authors have worked on the subject; and recent investigations point to the independ- ent character of each part. In the first part, e.g. there is a reference to a Messianic kingdom, but none to a Messiah ; in the second, sin is traced back to the Satans, whereas in the first it is ascribed to the angels. A distinctive feature of the fifth is the postponement of the final judg- ment till the end of the Messianic kingdom, while in the fourth it is the New Jerusalem that is the seat of the Messianic kingdom. On these grounds and others, the five parts are regarded as distinct, and the attempt has been made by Charles (Book of Enoch) to determine upon internal evidence and the development of apoc- alyptic ideas the order of the parts, with the result that chs. i.-xxxvi. are placed before B.C. 170, chs. lxxxiii.-xc. some years later, xci-civ. between B.C. 134 and 95, xxxvii.-lxx. between B.C. 94 and 64 ; while for the second part, which is more composite in its character, no date is ventured. In the collection of the five parts considerable liberties were taken by the redac- tors, through disarrangements and interpola- tions, and in addition to this the final editor made use of another Apocalypse, the Book of Noah, fragments of which he embodied in the various parts, just as in the Book of Jubilees another fragment of the Book of Noah has been incorporated. • The book of Enoch was current in the primi- tive Church and was quoted by the fathers, but was lost sight of by Christian writers about the close of the eighth century, so that until the eighteenth century it was only known by ex- tracts. In 1773, however, the traveler Bruce discovered in Abyssinia two complete MSS. of the work, which he brought to England. These MSS. proved to be an Ethiopic version made from the Greek one in use among the fathers, as was evident from the coincidence of language. The Ethiopic version did not appear till 1838, when it was published by Archbishop Lawrence. An English translation, however, by the same writer, had appeared in 1821, which passed through three editions and formed the basis of the German edition of Hoffmann (Jena, 1833- 38). In 1840 GfrSrer published a Latin trans- lation of the work: in 1882 an English transla- tion was published by Schodde. The best edi- tion of the Ethiopic text is that of A. Dill- mann, who in 1851 published in Leipzig the text from five MSS., and in 1853 a German trans- lation with a valuable introduction and com- mentary. The best English translation is Charles'. The Book of Enoch (London, 1893). ENOCH ARDEN. A narrative poem by Ten- nyson (18G4). Its hero and title-character is a shipwrecked sailor, who finally returns home and finds his wife remarried. He leaves her to her new life, peacefully unconscious that her first husband is still alive. ENOMOTO BTJIO, fi iio-mo'to boo'yo. A Jap- anese statesman and diplomat, born in Tokyo. He was sent, in 1803. to study in Eu- rope. In Holland he obtained a solid training in science and naval practice, and in 1867 he returned to Japan. After the final triumph of the Mikado in the civil war of 1807- 08 he established in the southern part of the island of Yezo a republic, of which he was elected the President. In isoo this Government