Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/147

* ENNISKILLEN. 123 quently formed into a cavalry regiment, which still bears the name of the Enniskillen Dragoons. EN'NIUS, Quintus '(B.o. 239-C.169). An early Roman poet, tlio lather of the Roman epos. He was horn at Rudiffi, in Calabria, and was probably of Greek extraction. He is said to have served in the wars, and to have risen to the rank of a centurion. In Sardinia he became ac- quainted with Cato the Khlcr, ami returned with aim to Rome, when about the age of thirty-eight. Here he gained for himself the friendship of the most eminent men, among others that of Scipio Afrieanus the Elder, and attained to the rank of a Roman citizen. He supported himself by in- structing some young Romans of distinguished families in the Greek language and literature, his accurate knowledge of which explains the influ- ence he had on the development of the Latin tongue. He died when he had attained the age of seventy, or about B.C. 100. His remains were interred in the tomb of the Seipios, and his bust was placed among those of that great family. Ennius tried his powers in almost every species of poetry, and although his language and versification are rough and unpolished, these de- fects are fully compensated for by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Of his tragedies, comedies, satires, and particularly of his Annates, an epos in 18 books, only fragments are still extant. These have been collected and edited by various scholars, among others by Hes- sel (Amsterdam, 1707). The fragments of the I unities have been edited bv J. Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854); and Miiller (Saint Petersburg. 1885). The few fragments of his dramas that have come down to us were collected by Ribbeck in his Scenicos Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta (2 vols., 1871-73). Consult: Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic (Oxford. 1881): and Mackail, Latin Literature (New York, 1896). ENNO'DITJS, Magnus Felix (c.473-521). A Bishop of Tieinum (Pavia). His writings sug- gest that he may have been trained for the pro- fession of rhetoric. He took deacon's orders at about the age of twenty. In 514 Pope Hormis- d.is appointed him Bishop of Tieinum. He was twice sent as Ambassador to Constantinople (515 and 517), but his efforts to heal the schism then existing between the Eastern and the Western Church were fruitless. In his doctrinal views, Ennodius inclined toward semi-Pelagianism. He is best known as a champion of the papacy, especially in its claim to exemption from ali human jurisdiction. This claim he was the first to advance, in his apology for the Synodus Palmaris (a.d. 501), held for the purpose of deciding between two rivals for the office of Roman bishop. The synod refused to pronounce a decision on the question, and Ennodius defended its action on the ground that the Pope was not answerable to a council, or in fact to any earthly tribunal, for God had reserved the popes for judgment by Himself alone. Among Ennodius's writings are a life of Epi phanius, his predecessor at Tieinum ; an auto- biography of his early life, entitled Evcliaristi- rii m: many letters; a few hymns, which were never widely used; and some secular poems, which are in part thoroughly pagan. The old editions of his works (1500 and 1611. the latter reprinted by Migne. in Patrol, hat., vol. Ixiii.) have been superseded by those of Hartel. in Vol. VII.— 9. ENOCH. (,'orpus Scrvptorum Eccles. Lai., vi. (Vienna, lss2), and Vogel, in Monum. Qerm. Vucto Antiquiss., ii. (Berlin, 1885). Consult Elbert, til .rln, hi, der l.ilh mini det l il I, lulters, i. (Leipzig, 1889). ENNS, or ENS, ("mis. A river of slria. tid- ing near Radstadt, at the base of the northern Slope nf the Nieilel'e T;iuern. among the oric Alps, and flowing east-northeast through the northern part of Styria to lliellau, I lien tinning and pursuing a. sinuous northern course through Upper Austria, emptying into the Danube near Mauthausen (Map: Austria, D 3). Its total length is about 100 mile-, mils 20 of which are navigable for large boats. Through part of its course it forms the boundary between the prov- inces of Upper and Lower Austria. It becomes navigable for small river craft some distance below Hiellau. Of the large number of towns and villages on its banks, Steyr is the most impor- tant. E'NOCH (Heb. Handle, probably of Babylo- nian origin). According to Gen. iv. 17-18, Enoch is the son of Cain and father of dared, whereas in Gen. v. 18, he is the son of dared. Modern scholars of the critical school consider Gen. iv. to be a relic of an ancient legend which, without reference to any tradition of a deluge, endeavored to trace, after the fashion of folk-lore, the origin of civilization, or rather the Canaanitish cul- ture. In this legend the various features of culture are traced to individuals, and the build- ing of the city — a trait of Canaanitish condi- tions — is ascribed to Enoch (Gen. iv. 17, 18, where, instead of "after the name of his son," we should read "after his name"). In the fifth chapter Enoch appears in a differ- ent light. It is said of him that after living 365 years and walking with God, he was no more, "for God took him" ( ver. -4 ), which means that he was "translated." Babylonian legends where we encounter such 'translations' may offer a partial explanation at least of the Enoch narrative. In the Gilgamesh epic Par napishtim, the hero of the deluge, is transported to the gods, and Gilgamesh, the hero of the epic, who is a semi-mythical character, also ap- pears to have been translated. The number 305 adds weight to the supposition that Enoch was originally a solar deity like Gilgamesh, who from a god becomes a divine hero. Whether the name Enoch itself reverts to a Babylonian prototype cannot be ascertained for certain, though there is some connection, without much doubt, between the list of ten patriarchs in Gen. v. (to which the whole list in Gen. xi. is allied) and the ten antediluvian kings mentioned by Berosus in his history of Babylonia. (Consult Lenormant. Ks- sai de commentaire stir Berose, pp. 241-251.) The translation of Enoch, which bears a great part in Jewish and early Christian theology (see Enoch, Book of), is mentioned in the New Testa- ment (Heb. xi. 5) and also in Eeclesiasticus (xliv. 16; xlix. 14). From the fact that Enoch, like Elijah, does not die, but is transported to heaven, the apocalyptic literature naturally con- nected itself with his name. But the other side of Enoch, as a promoter of civilization, was not lost sight of. To the later Jews Enoch was the inventor of writing, arithmetic, and astron- omy; and this view, already indicated in the