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* ENGLISH LITERATURE. 118 ENGLISH SNIPE. English People, to the Renaissance lib.. 1895); Courthope. Uistorti of English Poetry (London, 7 i : Moody and Lovett, History of 1. Literal Y'ork, 1902) ; Beers, From Chaucer to i ! ' English literature, translated by Van Laun (ib., 1900). Kortinf ' ' nglischen itur, the best bibliographical treatment (jliins : Wiilker. Geschichte der engli- Leipzig, 1896) ; Morley, English est times to James 1.(11 vols., Londoi ■ For special periods or sub- jects, Earle I ■ rature (ib.. 1884)'; Brook.. Literature to tht Vorman Con (ib., 1898) ; Saintsbury, Elizabethan Lit- [887 . - monds, Shakespeare's Pred- the English Drama (ib., 1884); Ward. History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Ann. (2d ed., ib., 1S99) ; obean Poets (ib., 1894 1 : id., ! Studies (ib., 1883); Swinburne, Studiei '""1 Poetry (ib., 1894); Gosse, Shakespeare to Pope (Cambridge, 1885); Garnett, The Age of Dryden (London. 1895).; Perry, terature in the Eighteenth Cen- New York. 1883); Lanier, The English ib., 1897 I : Raleigh lish Novel to i< ib. 1894) : Cross, The Development of i / i ib.. 1899) ; Gosse, Eighteenth Centum Literature (London, 1889); Beers. Eng- lish R< m in il" Eighteenth Century (New Y.irk. 1899) : Phelps, Tht Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement (Boston, 1893); Mrs. » ilipbant. Literary History of England in the Eight' h Centuries (London. 1883) : Minto, 1 of the Georgian. Era ( ib.. 1895); Woodberry, Makers of Literature (New York. 1900) Saintsbury, Essays in Eng- lish I 1780-1880 (London, first series. I towden, The Err, id. Revolution ih Literature lib.. 1897); Arnold. Essays < m (5th ed., ib., 1SS6) ; Bagehot, Literary Studies > ib.. 1879): Beers, English Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century (New York. 1901); Saintsburj /< Cen- tury I terai London, 1896); Dowden, raturi 1780 1871 ' 2d ed.. ib., 1882); i.l.. ,ir Studies in Literature (ib.. Stephen, Hours in a Library (3 vols., ib., Is; I 79) ; Button, I. "us (ill.. 1888) ; Shairp, Studies in I' I Philosophy (ib., Harrison, / / Hi rature i ib.. 1895); Brownell, Victorian Prose Masters lark, 1901); Saintsbury, Corrected Im- pressions (London 1895); Pater, Appreciations (ib.. 1889); Sarrazin, Pontes modernes de i I 385 i : Stedman, 1 < issc, i : Brandes, HauptstrS I Wten -in h 1 1' i :! vol-.. Berlin, 1900; translated, vol. i.. London. nl Ideals in English Letters ENGLISH MERCURY. See Chenoi I w. ENGLISH MONSIEUR moN'ser', The. A 1 imc Howard, produced in 1666. ll sutiri l illomania in French- love, the main oharai tei 1 n t 1 riginal per 1 played thai role, tnd lint thai of Well- bred, ENGLISH OPIUM-EATER. See T)i ENGLISH PALE, also known as Iitisii Pale, The Pale, or English Land. That portion of Ireland brought under English rule before the complete subjugation of the island. The name Tale was not applied to the land until the six- teenth century, although •English land' was em- ployed as early as the time of Edward I. These terms were used to distinguish the section of country around Dublin from the surrounding ter- ritories, which were called the 'marches,' or border lands. The boundaries of the Pale were at no time definitely determined, but varied with the rise or decline of English power in Ireland, and with the military activity of the Norman and Celtic chiefs in the interior. In 1515 the Pale ex- tended from Dundalk, in County Louth, to Dal- kov, seven miles south of Dublin, a stretch of' territory about fifty miles long, with an average breadth of twenty miles. In 1535, although the Pale was supposed to contain the counties of Louth, Meath, Kildarc, and Dub- lin, the Irish plundered at the very gates of Dublin. Cromwell was led to subjugate the whole island by the rebellion of the Catholic gen- try and their invasion of the Pale. The Pale was subject to the enactments of the Irish Parlia- ment, and for a long time the English Govern- ment with great difficulty maintained its hold upon it. In 13(50 the statute of Kilkenny was pas i 1 establishing the use of English law, and prohibiting intermarriage between English and Irish, as well as the adoption of Irish manners and customs. The supremacy of the English crown in the Pale was established by the enact- ment of the celebrated Poynings' Law in 1404. Consult Fronde, The English in Ireland (London and New York, 1873-74). See Ireland. ENGLISH POETRY, Spasmodic School of. An expression employed by the critics to desig- nate a group of English poets midway in the nineteenth century. A reviewer in Blackwood's ' Maiia-ine for May, 1854, wrote of them: "In the first place, they rarely, if ever, attempt anything like o plot. After you have finished the perusal of their verses you find yourself just as wise as v, ben you began. Von cannot tell what they would he at. You have a confused recollection of stars, and sunbeams, and moonbeams, as if you had been staring at an orrery; but sun, moon, and -tins were intended to give light to something — and what thai something is, in the poet's page, you cannot, for the life of you. discover. In the second place, we re-ret to say that they are often eedinglj profane, not. we suppose, intention- bu1 because they have no! sense enough to see the limits which decency, as well as duty, pre- scribes. In (he third place, they are occasionally Very prurient. And. in the fourth place, (hey arc always unintelligible." This is. of course, an over-statement, bul they were rhapsodists, who aimed >t effects beyond their powers. The group included Philip James Bailey, Uexander Smith, Gerald Ms ey, Sydnej Dobell, and other minor poets. Swinburne was sometimes classed with tin in. In ridicule of their extravagance in theme and stylo E tonn wrote a tragedy called (1854), which, containing many pas true pin- 1 rv. rather missed the mark. See the separate articles on the poets here mentioned. ENGLISH SNIPE. Sntpe. Wilson's Snipe. See