Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/94

* DEFBEGGEB. such subjects ns "Joseph Speckbacher and his Son" (1803: Ferdinaiuleiini. Innsbruck), a patriotic scent- of soiilful cunocplion. ;ind "Wrest- iinj; -Match in Tyrol" (ISOO), a spirited repre- sentation of this popular sport of his country- luen, l)einH received with "neat favor, and most of his subsequent efforts fimlin'r their way into the principal galleries of Germany. The most noteworthy anionj; these are: "The Last Sum- mons" (1874, Vienn.i Museum), a stirrinj; epi- sode from the risiMf.' of the Tyrolese in IHOfl; "Rettim of the Tyrolese Riflemen in ISOO" (lS7fl, National (Jallery. Berlin): "Andreas Hofer on his Way to Kxecution" (1878, Kiinijjsberjr Mu- .seum) ; "Storming the Red Tower at Munich in 170.-)" (1881. Pinakothek. Munich). But he appears to even greater advantage in his village genre scenes, such as "The Prize-Horse" (1872) ; "The Zither-Player" (1876, Vienna Museum) ; the cleverly ironical "Fashionable Tyrolese" (1882, Xational Oallerv, Berlin) : "The Fortune-Teller" (1891): "Before the Dance" (18!V2), and many others that have become widely known through reproductions. Truth to nature, keen insight into character, exquisite ctdoring. and quaint humor are the main features of his compositions, not the least of whose attractions is the uncom- mon variety of phases of human nature repre- sented. He was appointed professor at the Munich Academy in 1878 and was ennobled in 1883. A "Tlefre-igcr Album." with text by Roseg- ger, was published in Vienna. 2d ed. in 1889-92, and "Vom Land Tyrol," a collection of pictnres with text by Hausbofer. in Jliinich. 180.5. Con- sult : Rosenberg. "Defregscr." in Knackfuss, KSnstler Motiotiraphien (Bielefeld. 1896). and Meissner, Fran:: von DefTCijrjrr (Berlin. 1901). DEFTEEDAB, dCf'ter-diir' (Turk, deftcrd&r, fiom Pcrs. (hiflor. book + ilar. keeping, liold- ing). A title of the chief treasurer of a Turkish province, as formerly of the Turkish Minister of Finance, who has a seat in the divan and dis- burses the public money. DE FUrNIAK SPBINGS. The county - seat of Walton County. Fla.. 70 miles east by north of l'cn^:icol:i. on the Louisville .ind Xashvillc Railroad (Map: Florida, B 1). It is in an agri- cultural and fruit-growing region which produces cotton, rice, sugar-cane, grapes, and peaches: and has also important stock-raisins interests. Tt is the seat of a State normal school and of the Florida Chaut.Tunua Assemblv. Population, in 1800. (172: in 1000. Ifif.l. DE GABTIO. Cii.vri.es (1849—). An Ameri- can educator, born in Wisconsin and educated at the State Normal Fniversity. Normal. TU., and at Halle, Germany. He was professor of psychol- ogy at the T'niversity of Illinois from ISSfi to 1800. pre^iilent of Swnrthmore CoUcce from 1801 to 1808, and became professor of science and the art of eilucation at Cornell T'niversity in 1898. He was elected president of the National Herbart Societv in 1892. and is considered the leader of the Herbartian School in the United States. Among bis published works are: Urr- hnrt anri Ihr Jiryhnrlinii'' (ISOfi) : hnnnuntir l,rR- anna (1807); and a translation of Lindner's }fnnnal nf Fmplrirnl Pnyrhnlnriy ns on Indiirlire Urirnrr (1880). DEGAS, dcgils'. Hn.AniE r.ERMArN- (1834—). I'rciiili piiintiT. born in Paris. .Tuly 19. 1834. He was a pupil of Lamothe and of the Ecole dea TO DEGENEBACY, Beaux-Arts, Though usually classed as an im- pressionist, he is in reality an independent, his art having been subjected to several dill'erent inlluences, and being, above all else, per-unal. He at first jiaintcd in the uumner of Ingres, Ahom he ditMned the greatest of painters, und was also a great admirer of IX-Uicroix, less for that artist's coloring than for the noble action in his picturt's. Ills softness and (lueucy of modeling resembled the modeling of Planet, and from the Japanese he learned his absolute free- dom of composition, fantastic decoration, and peculiar emphasis. His tirst j)ictures were his- torical subjects, but he soon turned to genre pictures of modern life. Among the large variety of subjects which he treated, the best- known are his "Racehorses" and numerous "Ballet Girls." The former are distinguished for their fine action, while the latter have been his favorite subject since the seventies: he ha» painted them in a great variety of movements. With age he has l)econie increasingly blaso, tak- ing little interest in natural, normal life. He luis scoured the slums of Paris in search of sub- jects, and has depicted the vicious and degen- erate, in so far as they are picturesque. His coloring and brush work are fine. His later work is almost entirely pastel. His composition is d.Tring and original: he does not hesitate to bisect figures, his stage pictures often showing nothing but the heads of the orchestra and the legs of the dancers. Xevertheless, his work is verv' popular in .merica as well as in France. Consult: Muther, //I's/oriy of ^to(lcrn Paintinri, vol. ii. (T.«ndon. 1896) : Brownell, French Art ( New York, 1 901 ) : Stranahan, History of French Painting (New York. 1898). DEGEEB, de-gar', Karl, Baron ( 1 720-78 ). A Swedish entomolo.uist. born at Farspang. He wa» marshal of the household to the Swedish King and was chosen member of the Academy of Sciences at SttM'kholm. He is known as the author of a great work on the history of insects, entitled M<'ni<iirr.<i pour .irriir d Vhistoire dee insrctcs (7 vols.. 17.i2-78). DE GEEB AF FLNSPANG, fen'spAng. See Geek ai- Fix.si-asg. Lor is GEituAnn. Baron de. DEGEN'EBACT (from drficnrratr. Lat. ffc- iliiifnihis. p. p. of dracncrarr, to degenerate, from dr, down + genus, race). The definition given in lSr)7 by Morel is: "The clearest notion we can form of degeneracv is to regard it as a morbid deviation from an original tvpe. This deviation, even if at the outset it was ever s<» slight, contained transmissible elements of such a nature that nnv one having in himself the perms becomes more and more incapable of ful- filling his functions in the world, and mental pro>;rcss. already checked in his own person, finds itself menaced in his descendants." Morel uses the term to denote the congenital defectives — mental and physical. Degeneracy manifests it- self in almost innumerable forms, among which are deformed skulls, paralysis of members, atrophy of various orgjins, epilepsy, feeblemind- edncss. idiocv. . atomicall.v speaking, the causes of these arc certain lesions of the cerebrospinal axis. The word normal should be imderstood n« havin;? a relative sicnificance. The man is nonnal who is best nd-ipted to his en'ironment. The normal savaye would soon find his wav to