Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/930

* ELIZABETH. 806 ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE. passim (full titles oitptl under Gre.t Brit.mx). For economic development. Traill. Social Eng- land, iii., clis. 11, 12; ;ui<l Cunningham, English Indiistri/, a., bk. vi. ELIZABETH (1.545-08). A Queen of Spain, daughter of Henrv 11. of France and of Catharine de" .Medici. .She was born at Fontaincbleau. and although from infancy i)ledged in marriage to Don Carlos, the heir presumptive to the Spanisli throne, afterwards espoused the father of the latter. Philip 11. Owing to the cruelty of I'hili]) and the early death of the parties concerned, the story of an attachment between Elizabeth and Don Carlos gradually spread among the people. It has been perpetuated in several stories and romances, and notably in Schiller's celebrated drama Don CarJos. ELIZABETH (1G18-80). A Princess Pala- tine. She was born at Heidelberg, the eldest daughter of the unfortunate Elector Palatine Frederick V.. for a brief period King of Bohemia, and of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of .James I. of England. She was educated at The Hague, and was a pupil of William Penn in religion and of Descartes, who dedicated to her his famous Principia Philonophiw. She refused an offer of marriage from the King of Poland, and became Abbess of llcrford in 1067. ELIZABETH, AmiSue Eugenie, a-le'zabet a-ma'l*a oi-ga'ne-a (1837-98). An Empress of .■ustria, wife of Francis .Joseph. Emj^eror of Austria-Hungary. She was a daughter of Duke Maximilian .Joseph of Bavaria. Slie was a re- markably beautiful and intelligent woman, and spoke a number of languages. A daring horse- woman and fond of sports, she spent much of her time on her estates or in travel. While on a visit to Geneva she was assassinated by Liiccheni. an Italian anarchist (September 10, 1898), and died at her hotel a few minutes afterwards. ELIZABETH, Pauline Elisabeth Ottilie LorisE. C,)ui en of Rumania (184.3 — ). A Ruma- nian poet and novelist. She was born at Xeuwied. Germany, a princess of Weid, but after her mar- riage with Prince Charles of Rumania, in 1809, she identified herself with the Rumanian people. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 she was untiring in her care of the wounded. The cus- toms and the folk-lore of the Rumanians are the subjects of her poetry, which is full of homely beauty in its expression of nature and life. Tnder the name of Carmen Sylva she has written a number of books in verse and prose, among them Eridens Erdenr/nnfi (1882. ."ilh ed. 1899' translated into English by Helen Zimmern as Pilfirim Sorrow)-, Jehovah (1882); Pensies d'unr rcine (1882); and Handirrrkrrlirdrr (1891). For her biographv, consult Diederich (Leipzig. 1898) and Roosevelt (London, 1891). ELIZABETH, Piiilii'I'ine Marie H£Lf:NE, called Madame Elizabeth (1704-94). A princess of France, sister of Louis XVI., born at Ver- sailles. She was of ii noble and charitable dis- position. and. although she had never participated in politics, was prompted by her sense of dutyand her affection for her family to leave their cotm- tryseat at the outbreak of the Revolution in order to be at the side of her brother, the King of France. Accused of carrying on a corre- spondence with the royal princes, and of provid- ing them with money, she was sentenced by the Revolutionary' Tribunal, ^lay 9, 1794, and ex- ecuted the following day. ELIZABETH, Saint (1207-31). The daugh- ter of Andrew II., King of Hungaiy, born at Presburg. At the age of four she was allianced to Louis, eldest son of the Landgrave of the Thu- ringia, and was taken to the Wartburg to I)e edu- cated under the eyes of the parents of her future husband. She early displayed a passion fur as- ceticism as it was conceived in those days. She despised pomp, avarice, and ambition; culti- vated humility, and exhil)ited the most self-deny- ing benevolence. Her conduct even as a girl as- tonished the Thuringian Court; but such was the grace and sweetness of her disposition and the excellence of her beauty, that Louis — though her afl'eetions seemed to be given wholly to tiod — still wished to marry her. They were luiited when Elizabeth was only 14. On the death of her husband in 1227 she was de])rived of the regency by the brothers of her deceased husl>and and driven out, together with her four children, on the pica that she wasted the treasures of her State by her charities. Later she was offered the regency, which she refused. She spent her last days as a member of the third Order of Saint Francis, subjecting herself to mortifications which shortened her life. Slie died in 1231, and was canonized in 123.5. Cliarles Kingsley's dramatic poem The Saint's Trafjcdi) is founded on the story of Elizabeth's life. Consult ilontalemhert. Histoire de Sainir Elisahrtli dc Honi/rir (Paris, 1S3G). ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE. A term applied to the mixed style which sprang up on the decline of (Jiithic architecture. I!y siime it is confused with the Tudor style (q.v.), out of which it sprang. The Elizabethan is chielly ex- emplified by mansions erected for the nobility in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and orig- inated in the first attempt to revive classic archi- tecture, influenced, no doubt, by Holl)ein, who was patronized by llcnry VIll.. and furnished several designs in this manner. The distorted forms of Dutch and German late Renaissance are <'vervwhcre visible, rather than the direct inllu- ence of Italy. .John of Padua succeeded Holbein, and built in the mixed style a palace for the Protector Somerset (for which purpose the clois- ters of Saint Paul's were taken down), and the mansion of Longleat for his secretar.v, Sir John Thynne. The curved broken gables, pilasters broken by quoins and bands, and the tormented details are characteristic. So are the vast di- mensions of the apartments, the extreme length of the galleries, and the enormous square win- dows. The ornaments both within and without are cumbrous; the cornices and ceilings wrought into compartments are heavy: in short, the archi- tecture was just in keeping with the dress of the period, rich and gorgeous, rather than elegant, graceful, and eomfor(ablc. The following ex- amples of mansions of the seventeenth century may be still seen near London: Holland House, Cam]>den House in Surrey. Bramshill in Kent. Sir T. Willow's at Charlton, the Marquis of Salisbury's at Hatfield, and Knowle. the prop- erty of the Dtike of Dorset. Others are Burton .•gnes, -Xudley End. Aston, !Montacute. Mogus Park, and Blickling. The most eminent archi- tects nf those times were .John Tliorpe, Gerard