Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/840

* ELAINE. 728 ELAM. ELAINE, ^-lan'. A favorite woman's name in the Artliurian legends. (1) The half-sister of Arthur, who bore his illegitimate son. Modred. (■2) King Pelles's daughter, who bore Sir (Jalla- had, Launoelot's sou. (3) The maid of Astolat, who died for love of Launeelot, and whom Tenny- son has celebrated in the poem Elaine. (4) The daughter of King 15randeg(iris, who had a child by t>ir lioTs de Oanis. (5) Launcelot's mother, the wife of Ban of Brittany. ELAIOPLASTS, i^-Ii'd-plasts (from Gk. eala, claUi, olive -|- irXao-ruf, plastos, formed, from irXdiro-fii', ;)?(i.ssciii, to shape). Protoplasmic bod- ies, containing imbedded oil-drops, which occur in the epidermis of various lilies and orchids. They are believed by their discoverer, Wakker, to have the function of accumulating oil, in much the same fashion as the leucoplasts accumulate starch. See Leucoplasts. E'LAM. A country including the high plateau traversed by the Zagros and Pushti chains and the great plain east of the lower Tigris and north of the Persian Gulf. It corresponded in a general way to the modern Khuzistan, in part to the Susiana and Elymais of the Greek classi- cal writers. The name is derived from the As- syrian llamtu, 'the highlands,' and seems to be a translation of the Sumerian Niiiima. The na- tive designation appears to have been Shushunka- Anshan. Shushunka was the source of the Greek name Susiana, and denotes the territory ruled from the capital Shushan. (See SusA.) Anzan or Anshan is a more ancient native name, and indicates the region subject to the city of Anzan. The situation of this city has not yet been identified. It is, therefore, uncertain whether the original kingdom of Anshan is to be sought north or southwest of Susa. In later times it seems to have been used of the whole territory. Cyrus apparently reigned in Susa as king of Anshan. The Gre^k ElymaTs was derived from the Semitic name and was |)robably identical with Susiana. From the highlands descended the great rivers of Klam, the Karun (Ululai, Eulaios), the Kercha ( Uknu, Choaspes), and others. The valleys were exceedingly fertile, while in the southwestern plains the heat may not have been so intense in ancient times as at present. As to the ethnic relations of Elani in antiquity, our knowledge is yet quite scanty. It is impossible to determine how long those races have been in the land that are found there to-day. The negroes may be a comparatively late importation. Recent research renders it probable that the Aryans were in the land at a much earlier date than has been sup- posed. Inscriptions that have just been discov- ered seem to show the presence of a Semitic con- tingent before the time of Hammurabi. Turanian elements are more likely to have found their way into the country in the last thousand years than in earlier periods. The mass of the people seems to have belonged to the large family of nations of which the people of the Caucasus are the present representatives. This is shown by the often very striking similarity between the Elamitie dialects and the Georgian, Udic. Gurie. and Sassanian languages. The dialects in which inscriptions have been preserved are: (1) The Old Elamitie; (2) the New Elamitie of the Achenuenian period; (3) the Mai Amir dialect. A fourth dialect, the Kashite. is known through Babylonian inscrip- tions. Besides, there is an inscription found at Susa that may be Iranian. Partly through tliese records and partly through foreign .sources light is thrown upon certain ])criods of the history of ancient Elam. Idingiranagin of Lagash (c.4100 ij.c), Alusharshid of Kish (c.4000 B.C.), and Shargan Sharali of Agade (c.3800 b.c.) claim lilam among their conquests; and Gudea of La- gash (c.;i300 iJ.c.) and Ini Sin of Ur (c.2500 l!.C.) refer to their having taken the city of Anshan. Kudur-Nanehundi I. is the first known king. He conquered Babylonia in n.c. 228.5. Simti Sliilchak was his successor. Kudur Ma- buk, prince of Yamutbal, an Elamitisli princi- pality between the Pushti Kuh and .Jebel liam- rin, styles himself "father of Jlartu" (probably Syria). His son Piim Sin was vicegerent in Lar- sam until he was conquered by Hannnurabi (c.2240-2186 n.c). A Kushite chief, Gandesh, invaded Babylonia and founded a powerful dy- nast.v there (c.1700 n.c). Cluirbatila of Ela'ni fought with Kurigalzu 11. of IJali.xlon (1338- 1283 B.C.), and was taken captive at Kar Dungi. .fter this Babylonian conquest of Susa, Inshu- shinak, his son Shatrak Nanchundi, and granii- son, Shilchak Inshushinak, seem to have reigned. Kabukuduruzar L (B.C. 11301123) and Alar- duknadinachi (b.c. 1116-1102) fought with Kashi and Elam, as did also Shamshi Adad II. (B.C. 825-812) and Adadnirari 111. ( u.c. 812- 7S3), who conquered lUip (northeast part of Elam) and Umliash (between Jebel Hamrin and the Euphrates). Owing to the fre<|uent refer ences to Elam in the Assyrian inscriptions from the time of Tiglathpileser III. to that of As- urbanipal, it is ])ossible to give an approximately correct list of kings with their dates for a hun- dred years: Chunibaniga.sh (n.c. 742-717), Shut- ruk Nanchundi {n.c. 717(!99), Challuclash {n.c. r.99-603). Kudur Nanchundi III. (n.c. 093-692). Chumbaminanu (B.C. 692-689), Chuinbachaldash I. (B.C. 689-08I), Chumbaehaldash II. (n.c 681- 675), I'rtaki (B.C. 675-664), Tanimaritu I. (B.C. 664-057). Tiumman (B.C. 657-655), Tain- maritu and Chumbanigash (B.C. 655-648), Inda- bigash (B.C. 648), Chumbaehaldash III. (B.C. 647), Tanimaritu TL and Chunil)achaldash III. (B.C. 647-642). The long struggle between Elam and Assyria, during which Sennacherib was hu miliated in B.C. 694 by Ohalludash, who carrieil away his son Assurnadinsluim from Bablyon, and in B.C. 690 by Chumbaminanu, who probably won the battle of Cbaluli, led to the imposition of Assyrian suzeraint.v in B.C. 655, and the final destruction of the State in B.c 642, when Susa was razed to tlie ground, and thirty-two statues of kings and all the images of the gods were car- ried away to Nineveh. How long the Assyrians were able to maintain their power in Elam is not ivnown. .Teremiah xlix. 35-39 cannot be quoted to .show the condition in the lime of Nebuchad- nezzar, for this prophcc.v was written at the end of the Achem;rnian period and Elam st^inds for Persia. Media under Cyaxares and .st.yages claimed suzeraint.v over Elam. But the Apirti kings whose inscriptions have been found at Mai Amir seem to have been quite independent in the beginning of the sixth century, and the same is probably true of Teispes, Cyrus I., Camhyses I., and Cyrus II. as kings of .Vnshan. Isaiah xxi. 1 sqq. was apparently written between n.c 54!) and B.C. 539. In the .chemirnian period Elam was loyal to Cyrus, Cambyses, and Smerdis, re- belled against Darius, but remained a favored