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* EIGENMANN. 7-21 EILEITHYIA. ID 1895 a biological station of which he became director. EIGHTH NEKVE. See Auditory Nem-e. EIGHT -HOUK DAY. The eight-hour day as the ideal workiii;; day was proposed in Kug- hiiid a^ early as lS3;i. A trade-union congress at Birmingham demanded in ISOU that the eight- hour day should be adopted throughout the United Kingdom. With the growth of the Social Democratic Federation in the early eighties, the eight-hour agitation became general. The .socialists sought to secure the desired results through legislation, the trade unions through cumbined action against individual employers. Ihe trade unions, however, have gradually come to look with more favor upon legislation looking toward the general establishment of an eight- hour day. Xothing has been accomplished in this way except that in some municipalities an eight-hour day for public employees has been adopted. In 1866 the National Labor Union of the United States demanded it. Eight-hour leagues were formed during the strikes of 1872- 73. The first law aiTecting Kalional Government employees was passed in 18(10 and put into eflfect in the navy yards. The eight-hour day is now in force for all tlovernment work. The fol- lowing States have laws affecting either public works, State, county, or municipal employees ; California. Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Massachu- setts. New York, Utah. Washington, and West Virginia. A few trades have gained an eight- hour day. for several it is re<juired by law, but for the great mass of laborers of the United States and England it is still an unsatisfied de- mand. On the Continent of Europe a widespread agi- tation in favor of an eight-hour day developed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Since 1880 the demand for an eight-hour day has formed a part of the programme of the powerful labor parties of France and of the Social Demo- cratic Party in Germany. Throughout the Con- tinent, labor organizations and socialist parties favor the enactment of laws reducing the work- ing day to eight hours. Through the support of the present German Emperor, the movement has attained some positive results in Germany. The eight-hour day has been established iii some of the industrial enterprises of the Government, and in a few trades. In Australia the movement has made greater headway than in any other country. Public sentiment is strongly in favor of a legal eight- hour day. As early as 1856 the stronger trades in Melbourne were able to enforce an eight-hour day: and the movement rapidly spread to the smaller cities of Victoria and to the other col- onies. In the colony of Victoria the hours of women working in factories were in 1874 limited to eight: in 1885 the same restriction was ex- tended to all emplovments of women and boys. The eight-hour day was in 1877 prescribed by law for all men working underground ; and it has been extended to men employed on many public and quasi-public works. See Labor. .■Vmeric.?j Federation of: Labor PROBrj:MS ; Trade Uxions. Consult: Rae. Eioht Uoum for Work (New York, 18!>4) : Webb and Cox. Tfie Eitjht Hours Daij. EIKON BASILIKE, I'krm bfl-sTll-kA (Gk. tUiiv PatriKiK-fi. kinglv likeness). The name of a book, the full title of w'hich is EIKftN BASIAIKH, The Pourtraicture of His Sacred Majestic in His Solitudes and Sufferings (1648). It was pub- lished probably at The Hague, and, appearing immediately after the execution of Charles I., professed to be from his Majesty's pen. Milton, in the Icoiioclastcs (1640), assailed it, suggesting doubts also as to its genuineness. The Royalists, on the other hand, warmly defended the theory of royal authnrshij. : but after the Restoration .John Gauden, Bishop of Exeter, asked for promotion to the bishopric of Worcester on the ground that he had himself written the book. It is an im- portant fact that the Royalist Clarendon, author of the Uistory of Ihe Rebellion, at once accepted this unpalatable statement of the matter. As others, however, refused to credit Gauden, the controversy has raged to the present day. If Gauden was the author, as most authorities now believe, he must have entered thoroughly into the spirit of Charles, though he necessarily idealized the King's character. Consult especially : Words- worth, Who IT'ro^e EUiiv BnaiXoc^? (Cambridge, 1824) : Todd, Bishop (landcn the Author of Icon Basilike, Further Shoan in Answer to the Ifecent Remarks of Rev. Dr. Wordsrrorth (London, 1825) ; Toland, Amyntor (London. 1G09) ; Tuck- erman. On the Author of E/kuc BotiXik^, (Berlin, 1874) : Godwin, Hi-ttory of the Comtnonwealth, ii., pp. 684ff. (London. 1826) : Hallaiu. Constitu- tional History of Ennhind, ii.. pp. 313f., 636-42 (London, 1828) : Almack, Bibliography of the King's Book, or Eikon Basilike (London, 1896), very valuable. See G.vudex, .John. EILDON (el'don) HILLS. Three peaks in Roxburghshire, Scotland, near Melrose, of tradi- tional interest, and celebrated for the extensive view from their summits (Jlap: Scotland. F 4). The highest is 1385 feet. EILEITHYIA (Lat., from Gk. EiXeiBuia ), or ■EILEI'THYASTOLIS. The Greek name of the ancient Egyptian city of Neklieb (the modern El-Kab), situated on the right bank of the Nile, a little below Edfu. From very ancient times it was one of the most important cities of Egypt, and was strongly fortified. Its ancient walls still exist in an excellent state of preservation. In Ptolemaic times the city was the capital of the Third Nome of Upper Egypt. The princes of Neklieb played a very important part polit- ically, and many of them were governors of Nubia. The local deity. Nekhbet, was the tute- lary goddess of Upper Egypt and the special patroness of the King. She was supposed to pre- side over birth, and was therefore identified by the Greeks with Eileithyia (whence the Greek name of the city) and by the Romans with Lu- cina. Nekhbet is represented as a vulture with outspread wings, as a woman wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, or as a winged ura'us serpent. Near the remains of the ancient city are the rviins of a temple built under Rameses II. by Setaw. Governor of Nubia; of another built by Amenophis III. and dedicated to the local god- dess; and of a third temple built in late Ptol-. emaic times and likewise dedicated to Nekhbet. All three temples are richly decorated, and con- tain numeriius inscriptions. The most important remains at El-Kab are. however, the rock-hewn tomhs. .Among them are the tomb of the admiral .ahmes who took part in the expulsion of the Hyksos (q.v.) from Egj-pt : that of his namesake and younger contemporary, the general Aahmes