Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/831

* EICHSTATT. 719 EIDEB. tains relics of the saint, and is visited by pil- grims. The town hall, dating from 1444. and the old summer palace of prince bishops, now used as barracks, arc al.■^o noteworthy. Tlicrc are a con- siderable number of educational institutions and a municipal theatre. Eichstiitt produces beer, lithographic stones, matches, etc. Eichstiitt is a place of considerable antiquity and is supposed to have had its origin in a Roman station. The place obtained municipal privileges in 908. It suf- fered greatly during the Thirty Years' War and was burned several times by the French during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Popula- tion, in 1900, 770:j. The bishopric of Eichstiitt, founded in 745, was secularized in 1S02 and an- nexed to Bavaria, but a new bishopric was or- ganized in accordance with the agreement of 1817 Ix-tween Bavaria and the Vatican. EICHTHAIi, Ash'tal', Gust.ve d' (1804-80). A French publicist, born at Xancy. He was a I)upil of ("omte. a disciple of Saint-Simon, and a collaborator on the Organisateur and the Globe. To avoid the attacks upon Saint-Simon- isra he went to Greece, where he became inter- ested in the rehabilitation of the country, which had been ruined by the War for Independence. His efforts were unappreciated by the Greeks and he returned to France and gave himself up to authorship. His works include: Vne histoire primitive des races ocvaniennes et amiiricaines ( 184.3) and I.es orifjines bouddhiqties de la civili- sation americaine (1864-65). Some of his essays on biblical criticism were collected and pub- lished by his son under the titles. Melange de crHi<]Uv hiblique (1886) and La theologie et doc- trine religieuse de Socrate (1881). EICHWAXD, iK'viilt, EorAKD Georg (18.38-' 89 1 . A Russian physician, son of Karl Eduard Eichwald. bom at Vilna, and educated at the Jledico-Surgical Academy at Saint Petersburg. He was physician-in-ordinary from 1865 to 1875 to the Grand Ihichess Helena PavloTia, who made him the legatee of a sum which enabled him to foun<I the clinical institute subsequently named in honor of its ])atrouess. In 1860 Eich- wald was appointed professor of medical diag- nosis and general therapy at the Medico-Surgical Academy, and in 188.3 he became professor at Saint Petersburg. His works, published chiefly in German, include: Die KoUoidentartung der Eierstocke (1864): Beitragc zur Chemie der geicebbildendcn fSubstanzen (1873) ; and a trea- tise on sreneral therapeutics in Russian, 5th ed. by G. Schapiro (1892). EICHWALD, K..RL EdU-Usd (1795-1876). A Russian naturalist and traveler, born in Mitau. lie studied medicine and the natural sciences at Berlin, Vilna. and Dorpat, and became professor of zoiJlo.g>' and obstetrics at Kazan in 1823. pro- fessor of zo'Uogy and comparative anatomy at Vilna in 1827, and professor of zoology and mineralogy at Saint Petersburg in 1838. He traveled extensively for scientific purposes in eastern and northern Russia, in the Caucasus. Persia, Algeria, and throughout Europe. .Vmong his works are Znologia Specialis (1829-31): Fauna Caspio-f'aucasia (1841): Die Uncclt Russlands (1840-47); Die PaUiontologie von Russlnnd (1851). EIDEB, i'der. . river of Sehleswig-Holstein. Prussia, rising about 10 miles south of Kiel. It is the outlet of the small Lake Redden, and flows first northwest, then in a generally westward di- rection, entering the North Sea at Tonning, its total length being 115 miles (Map: Germany. C 1 ). In the lower part of its course it is from 600 feet to 1000 feet wide, with a depth of 15 to 18 feet ; below Tiinning the river expands into a ba_v. It is navigable from its mouth as far as Rendsburg, from which town navigation is car- ried on to Kiel by the Sehleswig-Holstein Canal, which prior to the construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal was the only artificiil waterway connecting the Xorth Sea with the Baltic. EIDEB (Icel. mpr, eider). An oceanic duck, having the hind toe furnished with a deep lobe, and the bill swollen and elevated at the base, and extending up the forehead, where it is di- vided down the middle by an elongated projec- tion of feathers. The tertials are elongated, and BEAK OF KINO EIDER. Side and top views of the bill of Somsteria spectabiUa. fall down over the wing. The genus is further characterized by the very abundant development of a fine elastic gray down, particularly on the breast, the valuable eider-down of commerce. Several species are known, grouped into three genera. The best known and most important is the common eider of Europe {Somnteria mollissima), which is intermediate in size be- tween a common duck and a goose. The male is larger than the female, and in the breeding sea- son has the under parts black, the upper parts creamy white. The female is pale-brown, tinged with red, and varied with transverse marks of dark brown. Young males at first resemble the females, and do not acquire the full adult plum- age and begin to mate and breed until their third year. The eider is an inhabitant of the northern parts of the world, abounding on arctic and subarctic shores, and breeding in suitable localities from Spitzbergen to the Faroe Islands, off the northeast coast of England, where it is known as the Saint Cuthbert duck; it is also ntimerous in southern Greenland : and the shores of Alaska and Siberia are inhabited by a very similar species tt^omateria r-iiigra). AH these descend to middle latitudes in winter. Two other distinctively American species of the genus exist. One is the .American eider {Somateria Dresneri), which differs from the European bird (drake) mainly in having a black instead of an obscure green patch on the crown, and in the shape of the bill (see Plate of Wild DrcKS in article Duck) : the other is the king eider (Somateria spectabiUa), which has a v-shaped black mark on the throat. Both breed on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the latter goes also to the extn^mc north, where it is widespread. Both are favorites with sports- men when they c-ome south in winter along the coast as far as the Middle States and inland to the Great Lakes. Two other species are known, Steller's eider {Enicnnetin Stellrri). which is abundant on the Arctic shores of Europe, Asia,