Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/773

* EFFENDI. 673 EGAN. nnil always follows the name with whieli it is used. EF'FINGHAM. A city ami the county-seat of K.liiiLihain t oimty, HI.. 100 miles east hy north of Saint Louis. Mo., on the Wabash, the Van- dalia Line, ami the Illinois Central railroads (Maj): Illinois. D 4). There are situated here Austin Colle-ie, opened in lSi)l, and a college of about 18.")0. Ellingliam was incorporated as a citv in ISiiO. Population, in 1S'.)0, 3260; in 1900, :1774. EFFLORESCENCE (from Lat. c/Jiorcscerc, to blossom, from <:v, out + florcsccrc, inchoative of /lorcre, to bloom, from flos. flower). A phe- nomenon exhibited by many crystalline compounds when exposed to the air; the compounds lose their water of crystallization and change into pulverulent masses. The white incrustation that frequently shows itself on the walls of buildings is an example of efflorescence. EFFORT (l)F. rffort, esfort. Fv. effort, It. sforzo. from ^IL. effortiare, to strengthen, from Lat. fjT, out + forlis, strong). In psychology, a term applied to conscious exertion, wlicthcr it arises from severe exercise of a nuiscle. as the eflfort involved in lifting a heavy weight, or from the conscious 'strain' which is present in ratioeinative thinking, as in solving a mathe- matical problem. The latter kind of effort is sometimes called "mental effort' or "mental work": although the tendinous sensations accompanying severe muscular exertion are no less mental, and, as conscious experiences, are the same in kind as the effort realized in 'hard thinking' or in an attempt to remember, or in the struggle to decide on a course of conduct. The existence of effort has been used as an argument in favor of a peculiar activity of consciousness, as indicating that 'mental force' is expended in vohuitary ac-^ tion ; but it may also be looked upon as simph' a complex of intensive organic sensations strong- ly toned with unpleasantness. In this case the 'work' is performed by the pliysiological processes accompanying effort. The prominent affective side of the experience is indicated in the common phrase 'feeling of effort.' Effort was for a long time held to be an essential part of the inneiva- tion sensation (q.v. ) ; i.e. the sensation which was said to accompany the outflow of energy- from the brain to the motor nerves. But this position has now- been abandoned t)y most psy- chologists. See Conation. EFFUSION (Lat. effiisio, from cffunrlere, to pour out. from rx, out + fundrre. to pour). A term applied to the free outflowing of a gas through a pinhole, the resistance to the outflow being very small. The velocity of i'ffision is in the case of all kinds of gases found to be in- versely proportional to si/iiare roots of their densities, and this holds good under all possible circumstances. An increase of the pressure exer- cised upon the gas has no effect on its rate of effusion. This apjx'ars somewhat strange on first thought; for it woild seem that more gaa should be expelled from a vessel by increased pre.ssurc. It is clear, however, that this must necessarily be the case, if we remember that when the pressure of a gas increases, its density increases at precisely the same rate; an in- crease of density causes a diminution of the rate of effusion, and thus the effect of a greater ex- pelling force is exactly counterbalanced; so that the amount of gas actually flowing out through the hole remains unclianged. Quite different from effusion is the phenome- non of triinspiriitiun of i/nscs, i.e. the outflow of gases through long capillary tulws offering con- siderable resistance to their passage. The rate of transpiration of a gas depends on four fac- tors: (1) the nature of the gas; (2) the density of the gas; Ci) the pressure under which it is being expelled; and (4) the length of the tube. The first of these factors of course remains the same if one and the same gas is experimented ujion under different conditions. The rate of transpiration is then found to be directly pro- porti(mal to the density as well as to the ex- pelling pressure, and to be inversely proportional to the length of the tube. The phenomena of effusion and transpiration are essentially different from those of diffusion. In the former the gases move in massci, in dif- fusion they move by molecules. See Diffusio.v. EFT, or EVET (AS. cfete). A term formerly applied popularly and scientifically both to lizards and newts. It is now sjiionymous with newt, and in the United States red eft or evet is a local name of the spotted newt [Uiemycly- lus miniatus) . See Xewt. EGALITi;, a'ga'le'ta'. See Orleans, House OF. E'GAN, Maurice Fkancis (18.52—). An American scholar. Ijorn in Philadelphia, and edu- cated at La Salle College. In 1878 he was appointed professor of English literature at (.eorgetown College, but subsequently devoted himself to journalism, and became successively associated with McGee's Illustrated M'eehty, the Vatholic Review, and Freeman's Journal, of which he was chief editor from 1881 to 1888. Afterwards he became professor of English litera- ture at the L'niversity of Notre Dame, in In- diana, and at the Catholic University, in Wash- ington. His publications include a' translation (for Augustin Daly) of Coppee's Pater; That tlirl of Mine (1879); Preludes, a collection of poems (1880); Songs and Sonnets (1880) ; The Life .iround Us, a collection of tales (1880); and Lectures in Enylish Literature (1889). EGAN. Patrick (1841—). An Irish-Ameri- can pnlitician. He was born in County Longford. Ireland, and became the head of an extensive flour and grain business in Dublin. Pie was an ar- dent Nationalist, and took an active part in the Home Kule movement in 1871 and in the organ- ization of the Irish Land League, of which, in 1879. with .Justin McCarthy and liiggar, he was one of the first trustees. In 18S0. with Parnell and others, he was tried in Dublin for conspiracy and sedition, and after the acquittal of the de- fendants he removed to Paris, and in 1883 to the United States, settling in Lincoln, Neb. He con- tinued his connection with the Irish movement, and from 1884 to 188G was president of the Irish National League of America. His testi- mony before the Parliamentary Commission in 1889 brought about the collapse of the London Times's case against Parnell. In the I'nitiil States Egan took an active part in the Blaine campaign of 1884, and for his services in the campaign of 1888 was rewarded by President Harrison with the post of Jlinister Plenipoten- tiary to Chile. There his active advocacy of
 * )hotoj;ra]ihy. attended by 250 students. Settled