Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/74

* DEDICATION. 56 SEK was sought by the' auUior. They are now dedi- cated to relatives and friends; or, it learned to scholars to whom the authors are indebted. Perhaps the noblest dedication in our language i<. Tennvson-s poem to the memory of 1 nnee Albert, prehxed to the Idylls of the King. For models of the lighter forms, see tlic vo umes of the Huectalor. Stevenson was partiuuhuly grace- ful in his inscriptions. The fulsome epistle of former times has been cut down to a brief for- mula, and many books are without dedications. DEDICATION FEAST (Heb. chanukka, Uk Td iymhui. lu eiikiiinia, from h, en, in + Kaivbi, kainos, new, Lat. encwnia). An annual festival among the Jews, which originated in the Maccaba'an period. In December, 1G8, the Jehovah Temple in Jerusalem was dedicated to the worship of Zeus Olympius (Baal hashsha- maim, 'Lord of heaven,' which in Dan. xi. 31 ap- peirs as Shikkiiz hashshomem, 'abomination of desolation') bv order of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, the ruler of the land. An altar to Zeus was set up on the altar of burnt offerings. hen Judas Maccaba-us recovered Jerusalem in B.C. 105 he pureed the temple, removed the pagan altar, and put" up a new one. The temple was then re- dedicated to Jehovah with festivities that lasted eight days. According to I. Mace. iv. 52-54 it was on the-'5th of Chislev (December) that the dedi- cation took place, on "the same day the heathen had profaned it," while I. Mace. i. 54 gives tlic 15th of Chislev as the day when the pagan altar was set up. It is probable tluit both e-('nts look place on the 25th, a day that may have been keiit by both nations as a celebration of the winter solstice. This is further suggested by the nuuiner in which the dedication feast has since been kept, josephus (Ant. xu. I, i) calls it 'the feast of lights,' and the custom of placing lights at the entrance of synagogues and private houses is mentioned in Talmudic literature. 1 he observation of the feast in memory of the deliver- ance of .Terusalem is enjoined ujion the Egyptian Jews in the letters prefixed to II. jMaccabees Psalm XXX. was the dedication hymn. Consult Wcllhausen, Israelitische tind Judische Oe- schichle (Berlin, 1897). DEDO-OCK, Lady. The mother of Esther Summerson in Dickens's Bleak Home. After a life of secret remorse for the one great sin of her "irlhood, she dies of exposure on the grave of her former paramour. Captain Hawdon. DEDIiOCK, Sir T.eicekter. The husband of Ladv DcUock in Dickens's Bleak 77o«.sc whose thought fulness and reverence for his wife only sen-c to increase her shame and fear of exposure. DEDtrCnON ( Lat. deducere, to draw out). particular aspect of the reasoning process; its counterpart is induction (q.v.). Many logicians lun-e representeil deduction and induction as op- posed operations, but a careful attention to the movement of thought in reasoning shows that - such a representation is only partially true. De- duction is the recognition of the validity of a iicncral principle in some particular case. I'or instance, when heat is known to he a mode of motion, the recognition that therefore the laws of motion rcijulate the phenomena of heat is a deduction, ludiictinn is the recognition of a particular phenomenon or group of phenomena as involving a general principle. For instance, ■when a study of the phenomena of heat leads to the recognition that they are regulated by the general laws of motion, it is said that an in- duction has been made. The difference is one concerning the point of departure m the psycho- lo-iical process of reasoning. If we begin with a knowledge of a law, and then recognize this law as obtaining in a special case, we make a deduction. If we begin with some special cases and in these cases recognize a law, we make aa induction. In this sense, induction and deduc- tion are opposed processes. But it is clear that to recognize a previously known law as control- lint' a new phenomenon (deduction) is only the obverse aspect of the recognition of this new phenomenon as involving that delmitc law (induc- tion). Even- deduction from a known principle to a new case is logically also at the same time a new induction of the general principle from the new case taken in conjunction with the old cases. Psychologically, this is not true. That is, often the process of reasoning is psychologi- callv nothing more than the process of applying a familiar verbal predicate to a new perception or idea bv virtue of some association between the two. But such a predicate cannot be justified, if it is questioned, without an explicit statement of some general principle and an indication that the ol)ject perceived or ideated comes under this principle; and if it is still further disputed whether the principle holds in this particular case, the onlv resource left is to make an induc- tion from tiiis and other similar cases to the .general principle. In other words, induction is nivolved in evcrv deduction, although, as a matter of psycholosrieal fact, it is not generally made with even' deduction. Our psychologica thought-movements are usually very elliptical when judged from the point of view of logic but lo<rie approves of the elliptical processes, if the omitted elements. %xhen restored, help m.nke a total process which is either inductive or deduc- tive, according as it starts with the particular facts and reaches the general law or vice rcrsaj and a complete logical process which psyehologi- callv runs in one direction can always be psyclio- lof'i'cally reversed without prejudice to its logical validitv Wherever an induction is justified, an obverse deduction is jiistifinble. and rice rcr.w. •Transcendental deduction' is a te<-hnical term in Kant's philosophy, designating a justification of the claim which a priori conceptions make of bein" applicable to any possible objects of experi- ence! See Logic (where a bibliography is given), and Syllogism. DEE (Lat. Deva, OWelsh nuhr-Diiin, water of the goddess, Ir. rf(«, goddess. Corn, dug, Bret. doe: connected with Lat. deus, Lith. Jcvis, OPruss. rfen™,s, Skt. (frun, god). A river in Eng- land and Wales, drainin;: parts of the counties of Merioneth, Denbigh. Flint, and Shropshire, and the west of Chester (:Iap: Wales, C 3). It ends in a tidal estuarv of the Irish Sea. 13 miles long, and 3 to 6 miles broad. From the city of Chester, which it almost encircles, a canal seven miles long connects the river with the estuary. Its course is !tO miles long, and .nmong its chief (m1>- utaries are the Treveryn and Alw^ni. Canals connect the Dee with the rivers of central Eng- land. The ancient Britons held its waters sacred. DEE. The name of two rivers in Scotland. The larger rises in five wells, 4000 feet above