Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/726

* ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION. 634 ECTHYMA. of the annual niceliiig, ami special monographs on ec-ononiic subjects pul>lished at irregular in- tervals. President (I'.lOi), Prof. Edwin U. A. Selignian. Columbia Liiiversity. ECONOMICS. See Political Eco.xomt. ECONOMIZERS, or Feed-A'ater Hkaters. t Devices for utilizing the waste gases from steam boilers to heat the water with which the boiler is fed. After passing through the boiler-Hues the furnace gjises still retain considerable heat which ordinarily escapes up the chimney. The economizer is s6 placed that it receives these gases and extracts a portion of the heat remain- ing in them. It consists of a series of tubes, niaile up in sections, connected at the ends and placed in a brick cliainber through which the gases from the boiler pass to the chimney- The feed-water is forced through the tubes while the hot gases circulate around thcni. The diirerence between the dilTerent forms of economizers lies principally in the proportions, the design of the end connections, and the position of the tubes. ECONOMY. A village in Beaver County, Pa., 17 milt's norlliwest of Pittsburg, on the Ohio lliver and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. It was founded by the 'Harmonists' in 1825, after their return from Indiana. The community has prospered finan- cially and is possessed of great wealth in huul andfactories. The members number now only about fifty, and the ftilure as a community is in doubt. Jlanv outsiders are now emploved as laborers. Pcipulation (township), 1890, "l029; in 1900, 10ii2. See H jio.M.STS. ECORCHE, A'kor'.slia' (Fr., flayed). A figure in lihich the muscles are represented, stripped of the skin, for jjurposes of art study. From a portion of the figure the upper muscles are also removed, so as to exhibit those which lie nearer to the bone. It is not uncommon to represent the Ocorclie in action, in the form of the fighting gladiator. The first person who did so was Salvage, a French artist and anatomist. To ren- der the studies of pupils more complete, he had this figure engraved in all the points of view, and more or less denuded of flesh, till at last it was little more than a skeleton, the only niu-icles represented being those which imme- diately cover the bones. Figures of this kind can now be procured both in plaster and jiapier- machc. Fragments or parts of the figaire in C'CorchG may also be obtained, and few artists' studios arc without one or more of such figures. ECORCHETJES, .'i'kor'sher', Les (Fr., the flayers). Lawless bands infesting the rural dis- tricts of France and Belgium during the Hundred Years' W'ar. They are first heard of in 1435, when, led by Villandras and Crabannes the Bas- tard, they began to rob, murder, and strip all luiprotccted wayfarers. ECOSSAISE, ft'kA'saz' (Fr., Scotch). A dance of Scottish origin. It was written in 3 — 2 or 2 — i time, and played upon the bagpipes. The modern ^cossaise is a species of contrcdanse. Schulicrt wrote several ^■cossaises for the piano- forte. ECRASEUR, a'krft'zPr' (Fr., crusher). The name of a hmg steel instrunu'nt. invented by the distingaished French surgeon Chassaignac, and consisting of a fine chain, which passed round any structure — as the base of a tumor for example — gradually constricts it, and finally cruslics its way Ihrough it by means of a screw or rack for tightening the chain, which is worked at the end of the handle. The advantage of this instrument over the knife is, that it causes little or no bleeding, the torn vessels spontaneously contracting and closing. It is specially ap- plicable for the removal of polypi and certain tumoi-s. ECSTASY (Lat. ccslasis, from Gk. eKoraatt, c/,s«(/M.s'. displacement, astonishment, from tfi- (TTdmi, vjisluiKii, to displace, from ik, ck, out ■+■ ioTiii'ai, hislunai, to stand). A state of con- sciousness (q.v.) characterized by intense emo- tional excitement, concentration of attention, and loss of self-control. There are nuiny grades of ecstasy, from over|)owering joy or grief to a temporary frenzy closely resembling mania. In the N'eo-lMatonic philosophy of the early Chris- tian centuries, ecstasy denoted a seizure or rap- ture in which tlic individual was supposed to transcend the distinction of subjective and ob- jective, to come into direct union with God, and to know the ultimate nature of things. The ecstatic state of mysticism is somewhat similar. It is intemled to liberate the soul from the body, to bring inspiration, and to induce the con- templation of supernatural objects. The most connnon form of ecstasy results from over- mastering religious sentiments. Religions ec- stasy has a])peared from time to time, especially in the Middle Ages, as a widespread epidemic, leading to the most extravagant actions in whole groups of individuals. The term ecstasy is also used in mental pathology, to denote an abnormal mental condition resembling the catalepsy of deep hypnosis. There are, however, two points of difl'ercnce. In ecstasy, consciousness is not lacking, the mind being rather dominated by a single idea : and there is subsequent memory of the ecstatic state. Consult: Gallon, Imiiiirics into llumun Fitciiltif (London. 1883). For illus- tradons, see CoNvuLsioNARiES; Dancing M.i: I'kre.sa, Saint. EC'THESIS (NcoLat., from Gk. ^-^eff.r, cK- thesis, ex])osition, from fit, (7>-, out +W(r's, thesis, position, from nWroi, tilhniai, to place). The name given to an edict issued by the Emperor Heraclius, in (l.'iS, fiu' the purpose of settling the troubles caused by Monothelitism. It confirmed the nionothclitic doctrine and failed of its object. It was annulled by Constans II. in (148. See MONOTIIKI.ITIS.M. ECTHY'MA (XeoLat.. from Gk. e/cSwa, ck- thiimc. jiuslulo. from 'tK6i(iv, iklfiiirin, to break out, from f, ek, out + Oiuv, tlii/ciii, to rush). A pustular alt'ection of the skin, of the tem|)orary character of an eruption, in which yellowish pus- titles occur which dfteii reach the size of a split pea, and have a red, slightly elevated, hard base, in the course of two or three days after the ainwarance of the pustule, it gains its full size, and after seven to ten days it is rejilaced by a scab, which adheres firmly to the base, and is somewhat ccmcave. On its removal, a deep red mark, a new scab, an ulcer, or a healed scar remains. There is no premonitory or jirepapular stage. It llius resembles impetigo (q.v.), as well as in lieliig due to pyogenic cocci. It occurs only in deliilitated j)eople. especially in eases of chronic alcoholism, excesses, debauchery, ca-