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* ECHTER. 624 ECK. ings derived from the history of Rudolph of Hapsburg. Charlemagne, and Frederick Barba- rossa. With Kaulbach (q.v. ) he restored cer- tain mural works in the Berlin Museum, and sub.■^e^uently lie established himself in -Munich, where he executed several important conunis- sions, including decorative paintings in the Ba- varian National .Museum, and "The Battle on the Lechfeld." a large canvas to form one in a series of thirty historical pictures in the Maximilia- neum. He also painted scenes from Wagnerian opera for King Louis II. of Bavaria. In 18G8 he was ai)]i(iinted a professor in the Jlunich School I if Industrial Arts. ECHTERMEYER, eK'ter-mi'er. Erxst Theo- noK (1805-44). A German critic and compiler, born at Liebenwerda. His Ausicahl dculsrlier Gedichte (1837; 33d ed. 1900) has been widely circulated in Germany. ECHTERNACH, eK'ter nao. A town in the Granil Duchy of Luxemburg, situated amid beautiful scenery on the Sure, 18 miles north- east of Luxemburg. It is celebrated for its Benedictine abbey, founded in 698, which re- tained its autonomy until 1801. The Roman- esque abbey church of Saint Willibrod. dating from 1017, has been restored, and is noted for its archa-ological features. The Dingstuhl, or Rathaus, and the Casino Garden are also nolu- worlliy. Boat-building is one of the chief in- dustries. The "Dancing Procession." peculiar to Echternach, in which from twelve to fifteen thousand persons from the surrounding region take part annually on each Whit-Tuesday, dates from the eighth century, when the intercession of Saint Willibrod was invoked against a species of shaking fit which afflicted the local cattle. Population, in 1000, 3538. ECHTER VON MESPELBRONN, f6n mes'- pel-bron. See JuLirs, Eciitek von .Mespelbkonn. ECHTLER, eKt'ler. Adolf (1843-). A Ger- man L;c'iii'e ]iainter. born in Danzig. He first studied at the Academy of Venice, under Karl P.laas; then in Vienna, under Fiihrieh; and in JIunich, under Wilhelm Diez. From 1877 to 1888 he lived in Paris, after which he settled in Munich. Great vividness, powerful characteri- zation, often with a fine touch of humor, and masterly execution, distinguish his numerous episodes from popular life in Italy, Brittany, and Normandy, among which "The Gamblers" (1883). in the Dresden Gallery, is one of the best. .Another good specimen is "A Cropper," in the Xew Pinakothek at Munich. ECHTJ'CA (formerly Hopwood's Ferry). A town and river port of Victoria. Australia, on a peninsula formed by the Murray and Campaspe rivers, l.")7 miles north of Mellioiune (Map: Victoria, D 3). A roadway and railway bridge, 1005 feet long, of the Murray River Railway, connects Echuea with Moama. on the New South Wales side of the Murray River. It has impor- tant vineyards and wine factories, and a con- siderable river trade in wool. wine, and red-gum timber. Population, in 1901, 4097. ECIJA, fi'tlu'-Hii. A city in the Province of Seville, Spain, 47 miles east by north of the city of Seville, on the river Genii, at the head of navigation, and on the Cordova-Cadiz Railway (Maj): Spain. C 4). It is well built, the street^ and plazas being clean and paved, and has hand- some gardens. A fine promenade extends along the river, and in the Plaza JIayor stands the municijial building, one of the notable structures of the city. The I'laza de Toros, well known as the scene of some of the most exciting bull-lights in Spain, occupies the site of the Roman amphi- theatre. Ecija contains hospitals, asylums for orphans and the aged, barracks, anil a large theatre. A long and narrow stone bridge spans the Genii at this point. The climate is exces- sively hot. The city is the centre of a productive agricultural section, and has inqiortant manu- factures. Us foul-wear is known throughout •Spain, and there are several woolen, linen, and silk mills, tlour-iuills, and tanneries. Population, in 1!U)1, 23.128. Keija is an ancient city, some ascribing its origin to the Greeks long before the rise of the IJomans. Anciently known as Astigi, it was named Colonia Julia Augusta Finiia by the Romans, under whom it ranked in importance with Cordova and Seville. It oc- cupied a jironiinent place as a border town in the struggle between the Moors and Christians. There are still extant Roman remains, and sev- eral gates and towers representative of Moorish architecture. ECK, Erxst WiLiiELM Eiserh.^ru (1838-1901). A German jurist. He w-as born in Berlin, and was educated at the university of that city and at Heidelberg. He held professorships at Berlin (1871), Giessen (1S72). Halle (1873-77), Bres- lau (1877-81), and Berlin (after 1881). His" principal works include: Oic xixjcnunnten doppel- seitigcn Khige-n dcs romisahen und gemeinen deutsclicn Hechts (1870; Die Ycrp/lichtung dcs Yerkiiufcrs zur (Iciixihriing dcs liigvnliims iinch rihiiischcm und gcmcinem dcutschen liecht ( 1874) ; "Die Stellung des Krben," etc., in Bckkcr and Fischer, Bcitriigc zur Beurteilung des Enl- uiirfs cines biirgcrlichen drset^buclis (1890), a work written apropos of the projected new civil code of Germany. ECK, Heinrich (1837—). A German geol- ogist, lie was born at Gleiwitz, Silesia, and was educated at Breslau. After participating in the Prussian geological survey in Tliuringia and Si- lesia, in 1SU2, he was appointed lecturer at the mining school in Berlin in 1800, and jirofessor of mineralogA' and geology' at the I'olyteclinic In- stitute. Stuttgart, in 1871. His investigations are devoted principally to the Triassic deposits, and are discussed in numerous writings which appeared in the publications of the German tJeological Societ.v. His larger works include: Vcher die Formationen dcs hunten f^andslcins itnd des Mtisehelkalks in Ohcrschlcsicn und ihre Verstcinerutigen (1805): "Riidersdorf und Umge- gend," in Ahhnndlungcn zur geologisclien Spe- zialkarte von Preussen, i. (1872). ECK, .ToHANN Maier von (1486-1543). A German theologian, the well-known adversary of Luther and ojijionent of the Reformation. He was born at Eck (now Egc). Suabia. November 13, 1486. He studied at Heidelberg (1498), Tii- bingen (1499), and Freiburg (1.501). He be- came doctor of theology at Freilmrg in 1510. and professor of theology at Ingolstadt in the same year. In 1512 he l>ecame chancellor of the university and canon of Eichstiidt. and held these positions the rest of his life. In 1518 he wrote the Ohrlisci, in opposition to TiUther's theses. Previously he had been on friendly terms