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* ECCLESIOLOGY. 619 ECHEVIN. }Uyeiv,Iegeiii,to say). (1) Thai lirauch of tliegeu- tral 5<.'ioiice of huuiau society or soc-iologj' whicb deals with so much of liiuuan rehilious as exist for the ]>urpose of religion, einbraciuj; the anal- ysis of the Church as organized society, its con- structive principles (see Poijty), its relations to the other organizations of society, such as the t^tate, the features of its internal law, and the splicre of its discipline. As constructive prin- ciples it considers h,piscopacy and Papacy, I'res- byterianism, Congregationalism, etc. (qq.v.). (2) The term also connotes that branch of antiquities which deals with the building in which this organized society meets, the church as a structure, and its decoration. It takes note of ecclesiastical architecture, not from the point of view of art history, hut from that of its rela- tion to liturgy and ceremonial, iconography, the customs regarding clergy and congregation. It exjilains the ground plan, elevation, orientation, internal divisions of the church : the form and position of crypt, confessional, altar, lectern and pulpit, choir and choir-screen, seats for clergy, books and vessels for sacred service, priestly robes, paschal candlesticks, reliquaries, crosses, croziers. tabernacles for holy oils, holy-water vase, and other church furniture; it also treats of the baptistery, baptismal font, and chrisma- tory: of the belfry, its bells, chimes, windows; of the chapels, porches, and other subordinate structures. See CnuRCH ; Basilic. ; Cathe- dral: Tower; iloxA.sxic Art; the separate articles on parts of the church, and on articles of church furniture. BiBLiouRAPiiY. Kohault de Fleury, La inesse (Paris. 1S8.3-89), is the fullest systematic study of church furniture; the articles scattered tnrougli Smith and Chectham's Dictionary of Cliristiati Antiquities (London, 1877-87) are excellent synopses for the period ending with the early iliddle Ages. Durand, a bishop of the thirteenth centurj-, wrote a maniial of ecclesiol- ogy called Rationale Dirinorurn 0/ficiorum • (many editions, and an English translation with an essay by Xeale and Webb, "The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments," Xcw York, 189.3). Holtzinger, Altchrintlirhc Architel;tur (Stuttgart. 18S9). gives the connecting links between liturgy and church architecture and furniture of the early period. EC'CXESTON, Sami-el (1801-51). An American Konian Catholic clergjman. He was bom in Maryland, and studied at Saint ^Mary's College. Baltimore, of which he became president in 18-29. In 1834 he succeeded Dr. Whitfield as archbishop. Under his auspices the Christian Brothers established a novitiate and training school of their order, parochial schools were multiplied, and several academies for girls were estaWishid under the Xuns of the Visitation. ECDY'SIS. See Molting. ECHEGAKAY, a'cha-g4-rl', Josfi (1833—). The nio~t prominent representative of the mod- ern Spanish drama, which at best has few writers of originality. He was born in Madrid. Iweame professor of mathematics and physics at the age of twenty-six. and had already published a number of scientific works and had been elected to the Academy of Science when, in 1S74. he made his first attempt at dramatic writing with the play La cxpoia del venoodnr. which scored a notable popular success. After that he produced Vol. VI.— 40. a long succession of i)lays of very uneven merit, the most noted of which are: O loctuii o suntidad (1878) ; i')i cl scno de la niuerte (1879) ; El gran Oalcoto (1881); ^'ida alegre y muerte triste (1885). Echegaray's plays belong distinctly to the romantic school : they owe their success main- ly to their carefully constructed plots, and at times attain a certain gloomy intensity: but they are deficient in vigorous portrayal of char- acter, are lacking in a distinctively national spirit, and not iufrc(iuently verge upon the com- monplace. His works appear under the title Obra.i diam/iticas escogidas. ECHELON, esh'e-lon (Fr., rovind of a ladder, from ivhtllc, OF. eschelle, ladder, from Lat. scala, ladder). A military formation. A regi- ment drawn up in line, when ordered to advance in echelon, would proceed as follows: The lead- ing or named company would advance, followed at company distance by the remaining com- l)anies, each marching in a direction perjien- dieular to its front, so that if the leading com- pany were to halt, the remainder, continuing their advance, would return to the original line formation. The echelon formation is valuable becau.se of the facility with which "line' may be formed in any direction, front, flank, or rear; it also presents certain obstacles to accurately sighted rillc fire from the enemy. ECHENEIS, c'k'f-ne'is. ECHENEIDID.a:, ek'e-no-id'i-de. See Remora. ECHENIQXTE, fi'cha - neTvi, Jost RiFixo (1808-79). A Peruvian soldier and statesman, born at Puno. When the army under Ganiarr.a and Bermudez revolted, in 1833. he restored or- der» and later successively fought in the cause of Santa Cruz and Gamarra. In 1845 he be- came a member of Castilla's Council. He was elected President of Peru, April 20. 1851, and remained in ofEce tmtil 1855, when repeated re- vidts against his authority, culminating in his defeat by Castilla, resulted in his banishment from the country. Returning in 18G2. he aided in the defense of Callao during the Spanish War of 1SG6. His candidacy for the Presidency in 1872 was not successful. ECHEVEKRIA, a'cha - ver - re'a, Est^bajt (1809-51). A South American poet, born at Buenos Ayres. His education was French, and his early works showed that influence, but he afterwards became more national, and his poem La catitiva (1837) contains fine deseri])tions of the pampas. He was exiled by the Dictator Rosas and went to Montevideo, where he died. His complete works were published at Buenos .yres in 1870. ECHEVIN, iish'vaN' (OF.. Fr. eschevin. It. scliiavino. scahino. from ML. scabinus. sherifT. from OllG. slceffino, Ger. Schiiffe, from OHG. sraffan, Ger. schaffen, to create). During the Middle Ages, a royal officer possessing a large measure of power in local administration. The office was common in France and the Low Coun- tries, and prevailed to a less degree throughout Germany. It first appears in the documents of the eighth century. When Charles the Great reformed the administration, the I'chevins became royal officers for the counties and hundreds. They were named by the mi.i.ii or royal deputies, the counts, and the people, and held their office during good behavior. The system contiiuied without any important change during the Caro-