Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/702

* EBONY. 612 ECAKTE. The hard, heavy, and dark-colored lioart-wood of a number of species of trees. The genus Dios- pjTos, of the order Ebenaoeie, is the souree of most of the ebony of commerce. The best qual- ity is obtained from Diaspyros ebeneiim, a large tree of India, Ceylon, and other tropical coun- tries. Logs of ebony of this species. 10 to 15 feet in length, with the heart-wood 2 feet in diameter, arc common. Kbony of good quality is obtained in Coromandel from Diospyros mclanoxylun, and also fron; Diospyros )omento.sa and other spe- cies of India. Madagascar, and Mauritius. The Calamander wood is from Diospyros hirsuta; the Cadoobergia wood is a peculiar kind of wood with striped effect obtained from Diospyros ebeneum. Kbony is furnished by the allied ilaba ebenus of Molucca, and by a number of trees of the order Leguminosic. Among these latter may he mentioned a variety obtained in Ab3ssinia from Millettia, and the West Indian ebony (Brya eheiuis). The American species of Diospyros (Diospyros Virginiana and Diospyros Texana) often supply a fairly good quality of ebony. The wood is chiefly used as a veneer by cabinet- makers. It is very heavy, and takes a high polish. The beauties of this wood were well known to the Greeks and Romans, who inlaid it with ivory for contrast. It is mentioned in the Scriptures as an aiticle of Tyrian importa- tion. The wood is somewliat pungent, and was once thought to have medicinal value. Ebony is e.portcd in consideral)le quantity from Egypt, J^anzibar. Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, India, and .Jamaica. What is known as "bastard ebony' is exported in considerable quantities from Brazil. It is produced by the tree Jacaranda ovalifolia. True ebony wood is so intensely dark in color that the term 'black as ebony' is a well- known colloquialism. See Jacaranda Wood. EBOR'ACUM. See York. EBRARD. a'l)rart, .Ioiianxes Heinrich Au- gust (181S-SS). A German Reformed theologian and miscellaneous writer. He was born at Er- langen, .lannary 18. 1818. He studied at Er- langen and Berlin, became ]>rfessor at Zurich in 1844, at Krlangen in 1847, removed to Speyer in ISo.?. but in 1861 returned to Erlangen and restimed his lectures. From 1875 he was pastor of the French Reformed Cliurch at Erlangen. He was a voluminous writer both in theology and lighter literature. Those of his theological works translated into English include The (tonpel Uis- torxi ( 1803), and .4;)o?0(e(ir.s- (1880-87). He also published: Die iro-schottische Missionskirche des serhsten bis achten Jahrhunderts (187.3) ; Boni- fatius, der Zemtorer des columhrinischeii Kir- chentums auf dem Fcstlaride (1882); Leiens- fiihrungen (1888): and many dramas, poems, «tc. When writing upon non-theological sub- jects he generally used a pseudonym — Christian Deutsch, Gottfried Flanunherg. or Siegmund Sturm. He died at Erlangen, .July 2.3. 1888. E'EBO (Lat. Iherux). One of the largest rivers of Spain, rising in the Province of San- tander, in the north central part of the cotm- tr'. on the southern slope of the Cantahrian Mountains (Map: Spain. E 2). After a tor- tuous course in a southeasterly direction of about 4.'50 miles, it empties into the Mediter- ranean at Calio de Tortosa. It drains an area of about .30,000 square miles, and has a delta which extends far into the sea. Its mouth is choked up with sand, and, to render it navi- gable, a canal called the San Carlos has been carried through the southern side of the delta. Its princii)al allluents are the Xajerilla. JaU'in, Huerva, and Guadalope from the right, and the Aragon, Gallcgo, and Segre from the left, whidi drain the southern slopes of the Pyrenees. The course of the Ebro is chielly through narrow and sometimes rocky valleys; its bed is diaracterized liy many slioals and rapids whidi interrupt the navigation. This is partly remedied, however, by means of the Imperial Canal, which extends from tile vicinity of Tudela to a point 40 miles bcliiw Saragossa, the principal city on the river. EBSTEIN, fp'stin. Wiuielm (1830—). A German physician, born at Jaucr. Silesia. He was educated at Breslau and Berlin, and in 1874 became professor of medicine at the University of GiJttingen and director of the Medical Poly- clinical Institute at that institution. His writ- ings, several of which contain valuable sugges- tions as to dietetic cures, include "Nierenkrank- heiten," vol. ix. of Ziemssen's Handbuch (2d ed., 1878); Die Fetlleibigkcit (Korpulenz) und Hire Behandlung nach phgsiologischeii Oruiidxdt^cn 17th ed., 1887); Die Kunst das men.schliclie Leben zu verliingern (1891); Lebenswcise der Zuckerkranken (2d ed.. 1808) ; Bandbuch der praktischen Medizin, with Dr. .Julius Schwalbe (1898). EBULLITION, nr BoiUNC. See Heat. EBTJL'LIOSCOPE (Lat. ebtillire, to boil, from e-, out + bullire, to bubble, from bulla, bubble -f- Gk, (TKovetv, skopein, to look). An appanvtus for ascertaining the strength of distilled liquors by observing the boiling-point and the atmos- pheric ])rcssurc. EQA DE QUEIROZ, a'sil dA kri'f-rAsh, Jost MAKiji ( 1845-1900) . A Portuguese author, born at Povoa do Varzim, He was educated at the Tniversity of Coimbra, was a collaborator on tlic stafl' of .Is Fiirpas. a critical journal, in 1S71, and was ajipointed Portuguese consul successively at Havana, Newcastle, IJristol. and Paris. His best-known publications are his works of prose fiction, crime do Padre Amaro (1874: thor- oughly revised edition, 1880), primo Basilio (1877; in French translati(m by Rattazzi-Ruth, German bv C. and H. Michaelis), and A Reliquia (1880; 2d ed. 1891). ECAETE, a'kar't:'i' (Fr.. discarded, p.p. of rcarler. to discard, from Lat. ex, OMt + cliarta, Gk. xa.pTris,ckartes, paper). A game of cards usually ])laycd by two persons, though, in the form called yiool f'cartC'. three or even more may take part in it. In this case the third phiyer lakes the ])lace of the loser in the first game, and the pool accumtilates until one player wins two (or three) games in succession. In French Ocart<*, bystanders are permitted to advise, and the player losing leaves the table, his adviser taking his place. If, however, the loser is play- ing la choucite (i.e. taking all bets offered), he need not retire on losing. The sixes, fives, fours, threes, and twos are removed from a pack, and the player cutting highest deals. He gives five cards, by two and three at a time, to his opponent and himself, and turns up the eleventh card for trumps. The trump card, if a king, counts one for the dealer. His adversary, if satisfied with his hand, plays; if not satisfied.