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* EBE. 609 EBERHARD. Palace (the headquarters of the Spanish em- bassy), and the Apollo Theatre. He is also the author of a work on art, Die Spatrvnuissance (1886). a history of European art from the middle of the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth. EBEL, a'hrl, ITKinr.VN.N Wilhelm (1S20"o). a German Celtic scliolar. lie was born in Herlin, was educated at Halle, and was a member of the philological faculty of the Berlin University from 1872 to 1875. He was the foremost au- thority on Celtic philosophy in Gcrniany. and his researches on the grammatical construction and lexicography of Irish, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and ancient Gaelic give him a permanent place in the field of philology. Besides his prin- cipal work, a new and im|)rovcd edition of Zeuss's Grammatica Celticu (1871), he published De Verhi ISritaiinici Futuro ac Conjunctiva (1SG3: partly translated into English by V. K. Sullivan under the title Celtic Studies), and De Zeusii Curis Positis in Orammatica Celtica (1869). EBEL, .roTiAXX GoTTFUiEi) (17G4-1830). A German writer on geography, born at Ziillichau. Prussian Silesia, and educated at the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His translation of tlic works of Sieyfts. and his close association with certain revolutionary leaders of France, made him unpopular with the authorities of Frank- fort-on-tbe-Main, and in 17!)l! be was banislied from that city, where lie had liegun a medical practice. He subsequently lived in Paris and in Zurich, where his services in behalf of the main- tenance of the Swiss Republic, which was en- dangered by the prevailing political conditions, were rewarded by an offer of citizenship on the part of the municipality of Zurich, in which city he spent the last years of his life. His principal works are the following: Anleitung auf die tiiitzUchste Art die Sclureiz zu bereiseii (8th ed. 1842) ; and I'cbcr den liau der Erde in den Al- pengebirgen ( 1 808 ) . EBEL, .JoHAXXES WiuiELM (1784-1861). A German Protestant clergyman, born at Passen- heim, East Prussia. As pastor at Konigsberg he became the founder of a mystic and theo- sophical society which counted among its mem- bers many representatives of the nobility. Ac- cusations of gross immorality caused a judiciiil investigation of the society, ijth the result that it was dissolved and its organizer removed from office (1839). A subsequent investigation, how- ever, showed that the charges of secret vice, dis- turbance of domestic peace, and pious fraud brought against the members of the association were not proved. EBELING, .-itie-ling, Anoi.F (1827-96). A German autlior. born in Hamburg. He studied at the university of Heidelberg, and became a professor in the Commercial High School in Paris. In 1870 he returned to (Jermany. and edited for a time the Diisse1d(.rf Drulnches Kiinxllerolhuin. From 1874 to 1878 he was a professor in the military school at Cairo. His publications in- clude: Bruchxtiicke nun drr lieschreibung einer Reisc narh lirnnilien (1849); Bilder nus Kairo (187S| : and Xapoleon III. und sein Uof (1891- •93). EBELING, CnmsTOpnERDANTET, (1741-1817). A German scholar, horn in Hildesheim. He early devoted himself to geographical studies. The Congress of the United States gave him a vote of tlianks for his great work, The History and Crcography of North America (1793-99). W bile preparing this work he made a collection of about 4000 books and 10.000 maps, which was purchased in 1818 by Israel Tliorndikc and pre- sented to Harvard University. EBENE'ZER (Heb., Eben-ha'ezer, the stone of help). The name of a place marked by a monumental stone set up by Samuel in recog- nition of divine assistance in a battle with the Philistines (I. Sam. vii. 10-12). Two earlier battles were fought at this place between the Israelites and the Philistines, in both of which the Israelites were beaten, and in the .second of which the Ark of the Covenant was captured (I. Sam. iv. 1-2, 3-II). The location of the place cannot be satisfactorily determined. EBENSBURG, e'benz-bflrg. A borough- and the county-seat of Cambria County. Pa.. 23 miles west of Altoona. on a brancli of the Penn- sylvania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, C 3). It has some reputation as a resort, being sit- uated in the Alleghanies, about 22.50 feet above sea-level. The industries include sawmills, tan- neries, woolen-mills, a foundry, etc. Population, in 1890. 1202; in 1900, 1.574. E'BER. Sec Hebrews. EBERHARD, a'ber-hiirt. IM Bart (1445-96). The fifth Count and first Duke of Wiirttembcrg. He was the son of Count Louis the Elder, and succeeded his brother at the age of twelve; at fourteen be wrested the govcrniiient from his uncle Ulrieh. who had been appointed his guar- dian. He paid no attention to government atTairs. but indulged his passions and led a dissipated life. In 1468 he made a pilgrimage to Jeru- salem, after which he abandoned his reckless mode of living, and ruled well. He married Bar- bara of Mantua, whose influence over him con- tributed largely to the elevation of his character. He began to study, gathering around him men of learning, and founded, in 1477. the University of Tubingen. In 1482 Eberhard, by the Treaty of Miinsingen. put an end to the division of his ])rincipality. made in 1437 between his father and his uiicle Ulrieh as representatives of the two lines of Urach and Stuttgart. By this treaty he secured the future integrity of Wiirt- tembcrg and established the right of primo-geni- ture in bis own family: he became at the same time the founder of "the representative Consti- tution of Wiirltomberg. He made Stuttgart his place of residence, and improved the conditions of the convents in his territories. Although he pre- ferred peace, he was an able warrior. His cour- age and his fidelity to his engagements secured the esteerii and frienciship of the emperors Frederick III. and Maximilian I. In recognition of his ser- vices the latter, in 1495. raised Kbcrhavd to the dignity of duke, confirming at the same time all the possessions and prerogatives of his house. He died February 24, 1496. Consult Bossert, Eberhard im Jiart (Stuttgart, 1884). EBERHARD. CnRisTTAN .xT,t'.ST Gottixir ( ]7t;9 lSt.51 . A facile German poet and roman- cer, born at Belzig. The more noteworthy of his many works are the often reprinted idyU nnnnchcn nnd die KUcMein (1822), and Der erstr Mensch und die Erde (1828).