Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/685

* EASEMENT. few American jurisdictions lliis principle lias been extended to the case of the privity exist- ing between the owners of a dominant and a ser- vient tenement, respectively, so that a covenant by the latter to keep a private way over his land in repair for the henelit of the former would pass as a permanent burden with the land, but this extension of the common-law doctrine is not generally accepted in the I'nited States nor in England. There is, of course, no element of easement in the other class of cases to which the expres- sion "covenant running with the land" is ap- plied — those, namely, where, there being no rela- tion of privity of estate, a covenant for the benefit of a parcel of land, by whomsoever made, is enforceable by those to whom the land may pass bj- descent or otherwise, against the cove- nanting party. Here we have the exact reverse of what is erroneously termed an easement in gross — the latter being a right in land claimed by an individual in his personal capacity, and the former a right vested in the land, or in its tenant for the time being, against an individual. There being no servitude, there is no easement, which, as lias been said before, requires both a dominant and a servient tenement. See IxcoB- P0RE.i. : Hereditament. The authorities are modern, the law on the subject of easements being of a very meagre character prior to the nineteenth century. Con- sult: Holland, The Elements of ■furixiirudence (9th ed., New York and London. 1900) : Gale. Easements (7th ed.. London, 1899): Goddard, Easements (4tl-. ed., London, 1900) ; Innes, Ease- ments (London, 1893) ; Washburn, Easements (4th ed., Boston, 1885) : .Jones. Treatise on the Lair of Easements (Boston. 1898). EAST AFRICA COMPANY, British. A commercial association, founded after the Ber- lin Treaty of 1885. to develop .frican trade in the territory controlled by the English. It took over concessions previously made to Sir William MacKinnon. EAST AFRICA COMPANY, Germ.vx. A trading company, fornied in l>*>i.5 to develop the African territory under German influence. It took over the rights of the Society for German Colonization, with Dr. Peters at the head. EAST ANGXIA, ;- 'glI-a. See AxGLLi, E.ST. EAST AURO'RA. A village in Erie County, K. v.. 17 milc< southeast of Buffalo: on the Western Xew York and Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Xew York, B 3). It is a beautiful resi- dential village, and is noteworthy as the home of the Roycrofters, whose sho|) produces fine hand-made furniture and editions de luxe of current and standard books. Population, in 1890. l.Wi: in 1900, 2.36(i, EASTBOURNE, esfbem. A municipal bor- ough anil seaside resort in Sussex. England, situ- ated on the coast between Hastings and Brigh- ton, about three miles northeast of Beaehv Head (Map: England, G 6). It is a well-built town, with broad, tree-lined streets, lighted by electric- ity. . fine esplanade two miles long skirts the shore. A large park and numerous smaller rec- reation-grounds are maintained by the munic- ipality. The town hall, erected in 1SS6. is a handsome building, with a tower 1.30 feet high. Eastbourne was incorporated in 1883. It has 597 EASTER. established an excellent .system of drainage, and a good water-supply from wells, which, com- bined with its healthful situation, have made it one of the most popular of south coast resorts. Its population has more than doubled since 18SL In 1901 it numbered 43,300. EAST CAPE. The name of the easternmost headland of Asia (coast of Siberia). It is sit- uated in latitude 06' 3' X. and longitude 169' 44' ., and is separated by Bering Strait from Cape Prince of Wales in America. EAST'CHEAP (ME. Eslchepe, east market, from AS. r:isi. east + ceap, trallic). Originally an open space in which a market was held for the East of London. It was situated at the junction of several streets, the oldest and most important of which were the two great Roman roads, leading northwest and northeast out of London. These roads were known in Saxon times as Watling and Ermine streets, and met on the north side of London Bridge. On account of its situation on these roads. Eastchcap was famous at a very early date for its taverns; and the 'Boar's Head at Eastcheap,' of the merry days of Shakespeare's Prince Hal and Kalstatl'. was probably thus known as early as the reign of Edward III. The name is still preserved in that of a small street, near the north end of London Bridge. EAST END. A thickly populated district of London, which extends east of the Bank of England. It is noted for the wretched condition of a large part of its inhabitants. EASTER (AS. eastre. OHG. ostara, Ger. Os- tern, from Teut. Aiistio, goddess of spring: con- nected with Lat. aurora, (ik. r)ijt. eos, Lith. aus- ostana. Ger. Osten, east, and ultimately with Gk. fl/iop, hemar, dry. Lat. rcr, spring). The festi- val of the resurrection of Christ, the principal feast of the Christian Era. From very early times it was observed with great solemnity. In the primitive Church it was one of the special days for the administration of bajitism. and the Latin name of the octave or the Sunday follow- ing, Dominica in Albis. preserves the memory of the custom of the newly baptized wearing their white robes throughout the whole week. The faithful greeted each other with the kiss of peace and the salutation "Christ is risen," to which the response was, "He is risen, indeed." This custom is still kept up in Russia. In the Roman Catholic Church the festivities of Easter really begin on the preceding morning with the mass of Holy Saturday, in which the short first vespers of Easter are included — a trace of the times of primitive severity, when the mass of that day would have been celebrated at a later hour, all the people fasting absolutely. The popular observances, past and present, connected with the day are innumerable. The use of eggs in this connection is of the highest antiquity, the egg having been considered in widely sepa- rated pre-Christian mythologies as a symbol of resurrection: though it is not certain that eggs were used in the spring festivals among the people of those times, it is possible that here, as in other cases, the Church adopte<l and consecrated an earlier custom. This is almost certainly true of the Easter fires which formerly celebrated the triumph of spring over winter (see Beltame) ; the 'blessing of new fire,' from which is lit the
 * r«, Skt. urns, tisru, dawn, with AS. east. OHG.