Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/673

* EARLY. 585 EARNEST. from toiiiiiiaiid liy l.ec after he had reailipd by successive pioinotions the rank of lieuti'iiant-yen- eral. By many military irilits he is phxced below only Lee ami Jackson in the list of Confederate •jenerals. After the war he lived for a short time in Canada, but in 18l>7 retmind to ir{;inia, prac- ticed law there for a timis then was associated with General Beaure-jard in the manaj;emcnt of the Louisiana l^oltery at Xew Orleans, and passed his last years in Virginia. He steadfastly refused until his death to take the oath of al- legiance to the United States. Besides several addresses on military subjects, he published .1 .1/c»ioir of the Lnst Year of the War for Inde- pendence, in the Confederate States of America (1807). For an account of Ocneral Karly's operations in the Shenandoah 'alley, ('(msult: Johnson and Buel (ed.), Halt leu and Leaders of the Ciril 'iir. vol. iv. 14 vols., Xew York, 1887): Pond, The Shenandoah 'alleii in ISG-'i (Xew York, 1883), in the "Campaigns of the Civil War Series"'; and articles by Long and Daniel in vol. xviii. and vol. xxii,. respectively, of the Southern Histoneal Society Papers (Kich- mond,' 1800 and 1S!U). EARLY ENGLISH. The term generally ap- plied to the earliest form of Gothic architecture (q.v. ) in Great Britain. It succeeded the Xor- man (q.v.) toward 1200. and was merged into the Decorated style (q.v.) at the close of the thirteenth century. The earliest works, which served as models, as the choir of Canterbury Cathedral (1175), were the work of Frenchmen, and purely in the French style. A mixed Anglo- Xorman and French style appears in the choir and east transept of Lincoln Cathedral in 1190, which may be regarded as the best early example of Early English, with more of the original French traits than in later buildings. From the beginning the decorative elements had more orig- inality than the constructive, which were main- ly imperfect variations of the French. For years . after Lincoln choir, buildings were erected with pointed design but not really (iothic in princi- ple, because they either avoided vatilting alto- gether or adhered to the Xorman style of heavy walls and imperfect equilibrium. The nave of Lincoln itself (1209.3.5) throws off many both French and Xorman features, and is in line with pure Early English. The characteristics are: Very pointed arches; lancet windows; decorative supenuimerary ribs in the vaulting: lack of con- nection between the interior stories by shafts run- ning from pavement to crown of vaulting; high Xorman triforium galleries: round abaci (see Abacus) instead of square; very slender band- ed shafts, often detached from their groiuid ; low-vaulted and long naves, a peculiarity which, connected with the breaking of (he vertical con- tinuity, leads the eye along horizontal instead of the vertical lines of French (iothic. The- inter- nal structure is thus defective in organic quali- ties. Neither now nor in later styles does Eng- lish Gothic follow the principles of any of the three main elements of (he Gothic stnicttire — the vault, the structural grouped pier with vault- ing shafts, the buttress pier, and flying buttress. Consequently, the side walls can never be eliminat- ed : the immense single windows used in France with tracery are impossildc. There is no existing Gothic skeleton. The building that best exempli- fies the normal plane nf Early English, as soon as it had acquired full form, is Salisbury Cathe- dral (1220-58); while its contemporary, Wells Cathedral (1200-42), shows how nuich of the Xorman was still usually retained under the (Iothic surface. Other examples arc the cathe- drals of Ely (choir), Worcester (choir and tran- sept), Y'ork (transept), Chester (choir), Dur- ham (east end), ]ochester (choir), and Foun- tains Abbey (cast end). Heavy and impressive stpiare towers, high screen-shaped fa(ades, un- connected in initline with the .structure, small and insignilicant jiortals — these are some of the characteristics of Early English exteriors. An- other Icaturc, important for both external and internal ell'cct. is the .square-ending choir, which attained increasing popularity, so that only a few round-ending ones have survived. This made ini])ossiI)le a beautiful grouping of radiating choir chapels and choir aisles. Chronologically, Westminster Abbey belongs to this style; but while its infelicitous exterior is English, its interior, which is one of the most beautiful in the world, does not follow the Early English, but is a pure reproduction of developed French Gothic (1250), During the third quarter of the thir- teenth century one sees the a|)proach of those changes that herald the Decorated style (q.v.), especially in the presbytery of Lincoln ( 1256- 82), Tracery begins to appear, and lancet win- dows are thrown together in more truly Gothic style. Consult: Kickroan, An Attempt to Dis- criminate the Stifles of English Architecture (London, 1817); Gwilt, An Eneyelopadia of Architecture, revised by Papworth (ib., 1807); History of Gothic Art in England (ib., 1900). EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY. A society foiuidcd by F. G. Fvirnivall (q.v.) in 1804 for the jniblication of Old and .Middle Eng- lish manuscrii)(«. It has i-ssued every 3'ear orig- inal-series texts (devoted to first editions of manuscripts), and since 1807 extra-series texts (mainly reprints of old books printed by Caxton and other early publishers). The society has as members some of the best English scholars in England, the T'nited States, and Germany. Its publications, numbering about 200, are indis- pensable to the student of early English litera- ture. EARN, crn. A river and loch in the south of Pcrtlisliirc, Scotland, in the beautiful valley of Strathcarn (Map: Scotland, E :! ). The loch is seven miles long, a mile wide, and very deep, and bordered by rugged hills. The river Earn flows east from the loch for 40 miles, past Comrie, C'riell". ;ind Bridge of Earn (a popular summer resort), into the estuary of the Tay. seven miles southeast of Perth. Along the river, near Aber- nethy, under a thick bed of clay, is a peat bed two or three feet thick, supposed to be a eon- tinuatifin <if the submarine forest at Flisk. EARNEST (from Welsh ernes, em. pledge). . coin or other article, usually of trifling value, given by a purchaser to his vendor "to bind the bargain' of sale. The practice is one of great transactions so common in all early legal sys- tems, the validity of which turns on the due observance of a prescribed form of proceedin!» rather than upon an inquiry as to the real in- tention of the parties thereto. The giving of earnest is, therefore, not at all the same thing as part payment on the one side or part delivery
 * Moore, Gothic Architecture (ib,, 1899) ; Prior,
 * nitiquity, and belongs to the order of ceremonial